Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Testicular cancer (staging)
The staging for testicular tumors is performed according to the TNM system with staging groupings. It can be remembered in its abbreviated form as:
stage I: confined to testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, scrotum
stage II: lymph nodes involved but no distant metastases and serum tumor markers...
Article
Renal sinus
The renal sinus is a fat-filled compartment of the kidney.
Gross anatomy
The renal sinus is a fatty compartment located within the medial aspect of the kidney. It communicates with the perinephric space. It contains the renal hilum and is bordered by renal parenchyma laterally.
Contents
ren...
Article
Testicular microlithiasis
Testicular microlithiasis is a relatively uncommon condition that represents the deposition of multiple tiny calcifications throughout both testes.
Diagnosis
The most common criterion for diagnosis on ultrasound is that of at least five microcalcifications in one testis although the European ...
Article
IgA nephropathy
IgA nephropathy (also known as IgA nephritis or Berger disease) is a form of glomerulonephritis.
Epidemiology
IgA nephropathy is considered the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide and is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and renal failure.
Pathology
Primary IgA nephropathy is c...
Article
Congenital renal anomalies
Congenital renal anomalies comprise of vast spectrum of pathologies and include:
renal agenesis
renal dysgenesis
congenital renal hypoplasia
congenital megacalyectasis
congenital cystic renal disease
infantile polycystic renal disease: autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD):...
Article
Penis
The penis (plural: penises or, rarely, penes) is the external midline urinary and reproductive structure of the male urogenital system.
Please note that as per standard anatomic position, the penis is described with the flaccid phallus against the anterior abdominal wall, the dorsal surface con...
Article
Intravenous drug user
Intravenous drug users (IVDU) are people who inject non-medical and controlled medical drugs (and may have substance use disorder) for non-medical purposes. Frequently injected drugs include heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and methamphetamine 6.
Terminology
More neutral terms such as pe...
Article
Dialysis indications (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the basic indications of dialysis is
HAVE PEE
Mnemonic
H: hyperkalemia (refractory)
A: acidosis (refractory)
V: volume overload
E: elevated BUN > 35 mM
P: pericarditis
E: encephalopathy
E: edema (pulmonary)
Article
Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis
Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis, sometimes called dystrophic scrotal calcinosis, is a rare benign condition characterized by superficial calcifications within the skin of the scrotum of unclear etiology.
Epidemiology
Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis typically affects men aged 20-40 years.
Patholo...
Article
Wilms tumor (staging)
Wilms tumor staging is largely anatomical and relates to the invasion and spread of the tumor. Where there is invasion or metastasis, prognosis is poorer. Wilms tumor is one of the more common childhood malignancies.
stage I
confined to kidney
complete resection possible
stage II
local spre...
Article
Pediatric urinary tract infection
Pediatric urinary tract infections are common and are a source of significant imaging in young children.
Epidemiology
Pediatric urinary tract infections affect up to 2.8% of all children every year, with approximately 2% of boys and 8% or more of girls developing a urinary tract infection at s...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (staging)
Staging of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract vary according to the location of the tumor, and are staged using the TNM staging system.
transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis
transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter
transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Article
Chronic renal transplant rejection
Chronic renal transplant rejection is a form of renal transplant rejection.
Pathology
Chronic rejection is defined as a gradual deterioration in graft function beginning at least 3 months after transplantation 3.
The creatinine levels may rise but this does not allow differentiation from acu...
Article
Doughnut sign (missed testicular torsion)
The doughnut sign, also known as the bull's-eye, halo or ring sign, is the name of a distinctive appearance of a missed testicular torsion on scrotal scintigraphy.
In a missed torsion (i.e. established testicular infarction), there is a reactive hyperperfusion of the ipsilateral dartos muscle ...
Article
Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate
Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate or prostatic adenoid basal proliferation of uncertain significance is a type of prostate cancer resembling adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands.
Terminology
Other terms include 'adenoid cystic carcinoma', 'adenoid basal cell tumor', 'adenoid cyst...
Article
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate
Intraductal carcinomas of the prostate (IDCP) are a new subtype of prostate cancer that has been included as a new entity in the WHO classification of prostate tumors in 2016.
Epidemiology
Intraductal carcinomas of the prostate are rarely found isolated on needle core biopsy samples in 0.1-0.3...
Article
Prostate atrophy
Prostatic atrophy is characterized by reduced cytoplasm prostatic acinar cells and constitutes a benign mimic of prostate cancer not only on imaging but also histologically.
Terminology
The term 'proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA)' is used if it is associated with inflammation.
Epidemio...
Article
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differentiation
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differentiation is a malignant neuroendocrine tumor of the prostate which only differs from acinar or ductal adenocarcinoma on immunohistochemistry staining.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differe...
Article
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the prostate
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the prostate also known as low-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate or carcinoid tumors of the prostate are low-grade neuroendocrine tumors arising from the prostate that may metastasize.
Epidemiology
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tum...
Article
Prostatic acid phosphatase
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) also known as prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) is an enzyme generated by prostatic glandular tissue.
Usage
It can be used in immunohistochemistry to identify prostatic tissue including prostatic epithelium and prostatic ducts and is usually expressed ...
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