Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
92 results
Article
Learning curve (machine learning)
A learning curve is a plot of the learning performance of a machine learning model (usually measured as loss or accuracy) over time (usually in a number of epochs).
Learning curves are a widely used diagnostic tool in machine learning to get an overview of the learning and generalization behavi...
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Activation function
In neural networks, activation functions perform a transformation on a weighted sum of inputs plus biases to a neuron in order to compute its output. Using a biological analogy, the activation function determines the “firing rate” of a neuron in response to an input or stimulus. These functions...
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Synthetic and augmented data
In the context of radiological images, synthetic and augmented data are data that are not completely generated by direct measurement from patients.
Machine learning models improve with increased data. However, there is a relative lack of open, free available radiology data sets. Issues of patie...
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Training, testing and validation datasets
The division of the input data into training, testing and validation sets is crucial in the creation of robust machine learning algorithms. Firstly, machine learning algorithms require a training set to be trained on. Each iteration, it calculates the difference between the predicted and actual ...
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Federated learning
Federated learning, also known as distributed learning, is a technique that facilitates the creation of robust artificial intelligence models where data is trained on local devices (nodes) that then transfer weights to a central model. Models can potentially be trained using larger and/or more d...
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Ground truth
Ground truth is a term used in statistics and machine learning to refer to data assumed to be correct.
Regarding the development of machine learning algorithms in radiology, the ground truth for image labeling is sometimes based on pathology or lab results while, in other cases, on the expert o...
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Data augmentation
Data augmentation is a technique that increases the amount of data by adding slightly modified copies of already existing data. This increases the diversity of the training set, which helps to reduce overfitting when training a machine learning model and can have a positive effect on the model's...
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Linear algebra
Linear algebra is a field of mathematics with extremely diverse applications. This type of mathematics extends arithmetical operations from numbers to complex objects like matrices and vectors.
In terms of radiology, linear algebra applications include CT reconstruction algorithms, neural netwo...
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Feature extraction
Feature extraction is a process utilized in both machine learning and image processing by which data is transformed into a smaller more relevant set of data. Feature extraction is a type of dimensionality reduction. Feature extraction can be performed on texts as part of NLP or on images for com...
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Deep learning frameworks
Deep learning frameworks are instruments for training and validating deep neural networks, through high-level programming interfaces.
Widely used deep learning frameworks include the libraries PyTorch, TensorFlow, and Keras. A programmer can use these libraries of higher functions to quickly de...
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Unsupervised learning (machine learning)
Unsupervised learning is one of the main types of algorithms used in machine learning.
Unsupervised learning algorithms are used on datasets where output labels are not provided. Hence, instead of trying to predict a particular output for each input, these algorithms attempt to discover the un...
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Deep learning
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning based on multi-layered (a.k.a. “deep“) artificial neural networks. Their highly flexible architectures can learn directly from data (such as images, video or text) without the need of hand-coded rules and can increase their predictive accuracy when p...
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Autoencoder
Autoencoders are an unsupervised learning technique in which artificial neural networks are used to learn to produce a compressed representation of the input data.
Essentially, autoencoding is a data compression algorithm where the compression and decompression functions are learned automatical...
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Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity is the protection of digital data, software and hardware from risks including attacks or other problems related to their integrity and/or data confidentiality. Cybersecurity may utilize many different types of tools and protocols including encryption, firewalls and other infrastruc...
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Curse of dimensionality
The curse of dimensionality can refer to a number of phenomenon related to high-dimensional data in several fields. In terms of machine learning for radiology, it generally refers to the phenomenon that as the number of image features employed to train an algorithm increases there is a geometric...
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Boosting
Boosting is an ensemble technique that creates increasingly complex algorithms from building blocks of relatively simple decision rules for binary classification tasks. This is achieved by sequentially training new models (or 'weak' learners) which focus on examples that were classified incorre...
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Dice similarity coefficient
The Dice similarity coefficient, also known as the Sørensen–Dice index or simply Dice coefficient, is a statistical tool which measures the similarity between two sets of data. This index has become arguably the most broadly used tool in the validation of image segmentation algorithms created wi...
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Automation bias
Automation bias is a form of cognitive bias occurring when humans overvalue information produced by an automated, usually computerized, system. Users of automated systems can fail to understand or ignore illogical or incorrect information produced by computer systems.
Computer programs may crea...
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Bayes' factor
A Bayes' factor is a number that quantifies the relative likelihood of two models or hypotheses to each other if made into a ratio e.g. if two models are equally likely based on the prior evidence ( or there is no prior evidence) then the Bayes factor would be one.
Such factors have several use...
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Convolution
Convolution is a mathematical concept that implies the product of two functions. In practical terms for radiology, convolution implies the application of a mathematical operation to a signal such that a different signal is produced. Convolutions are applied in image processing for CTs and MRIs.
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