Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Atresia
Atresia (plural: atresias) refers to a situation where there is absence, underdevelopment or abnormal closure, of a normal anatomical tubular structure or opening.
Contrast this with agenesis which refers to the complete absence of any anatomical structure including its primordial precursors.
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Article
Monomelic
Monomelic is typically used to refer to a condition that is confined to only one limb. Examples of conditions that can be monomelic include fibrous dysplasia and melorheostosis.
See also
monostotic
polyostotic
monomelic
Article
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Familial hypercholesterolemia is a common autosomal dominant 1 condition resulting in hyperlipidemia.
Epidemiology
1 in 200 individuals are estimated to be carriers of at least one gene associated with familial hypercholesterolemia 1.
Pathology
Features of hyperlipidemia such as early/exces...
Article
BRAF
BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase) is a proto-oncogene, encoding for a serine/threonine protein kinase. Mutations of BRAF are the most common alteration of the RAS/MAPK pathway and these have been identified in a variety of tumors and congenital syndromes including 1-5: ...
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Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements are known to occur in association with several tumors. The genes code for an enzyme called anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ALK tyrosine kinase receptor (also known as CD246) which is thought to play a role in brain development and exerts i...
Article
Amylase
Amylase is widely employed as a marker of acute pancreatitis and a significant elevation is diagnostic.
Physiology
α-amylase is a digestive enzyme that is predominantly secreted by the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas. It is also secreted by the salivary glands. Pancreatic amylase is enco...
Article
MAPK pathway
The MAPK pathway (mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway) also known as the RAS/MAPK pathway is an oncogenic pathway and is most commonly involved in human cancers.
It consists of a membrane receptor tyrosine kinase which when bound to by a growth factor results in activation of the signal t...
Article
Lepidic growth
Lepidic growth is a pathological term referring to a pattern of cell proliferation along the lining of the alveolar structures of the lung as is seen in a subset of lung tumors 1.
History and etymology
‘lepidic’ was coined by the English pathologist John George Adam (1862-1926) whilst at McGil...
Article
Columnar alteration with prominent apical snouts and secretions
Columnar alteration with prominent apical snouts and secretions (CAPSS) is a pathological entity encountered when breast biopsies are done for investigation of punctate or amorphous calcifications. CAPSS involves the terminal ductal and lobular units (TDLU's).
It is sometimes classified under t...
Article
Cyst
A cyst is an abnormal fluid-filled structure which is lined by epithelium; with one exception: lung cysts may contain gas or fluid. By contradistinction, a pseudocyst lacks an epithelial lining and instead has a vascular and fibrotic capsule.
Cysts are extremely common and found in most organs....
Article
Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein
Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (MSAFP) is a screening test that examines the level of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in a pregnant woman. AFP is produced by both the yolk sac and foetal liver during pregnancy.
Indications
Ideally, all pregnant women should undergo the screening test between 15-20 w...
Article
Ependymal cells
Ependymal cells are one of the four main types of glial cells, and themselves encompass three types of cells 1:
ependymocytes: line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
tanycytes: line the floor of the third ventricle overlying the median eminence of the hypothalam...
Article
Vitamin D
Vitamin D (calciferol) is used to describe a group of five fat-soluble secosteroid vitamins required for the homeostasis of serum calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D exists in two main forms (vitamers) in humans: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
Vitamin D3 acts by re...
Article
Host (infectious diseases)
A host in the context of infectious disease refers to an animal or plant that acts as a biological refuge in which another - often parasitic - organism may dwell. The host usually provides shelter or nourishment to the other organism, which may use the host to partially/completely sexually devel...
Article
Probabilistic atlas
Probabilistic atlases, also known as probability maps, are anatomical or anatomopathological atlases based on statistically-weighted composites of many specimens. Traditional anatomy atlases were based on one or a few specimens sometimes with common variations indicated or shown. Probabilistic a...
Article
Picornaviruses
Picornaviruses (pico-RNA-viruses) are non-enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses with an icosahedral capsule. Their positive, single stranded RNA architecture places them in Baltimore group IV. The name derives from the fact that they are small (pico) RNA viruses.
The picornavirus family cont...
Article
Lamellated
The term lamellated (or laminated which means the same thing) is a radiopathological term used to describe the layered appearance of many calculi, including those of the renal tract, the salivary glands, and the biliary tree. The internal structure of these calculi has been likened to that of an...
Article
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine
The bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the only vaccine available for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and despite its global use for 90 years, with proven efficacy and a good safety record, has well-known limitations. It provides only limited protection against pulmonary tuberculosis.
The vac...
Article
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a protein found in the maternal circulation and is produced by the placenta. The PAPP-A gene has been assigned to human chromosome 9q33.1 and contains 22 exons 5. PAPP-A values tend to rise exponentially during pregnancy and the reference range d...
Article
Angiotensin converting enzyme
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a central component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) which assists in blood pressure control by regulating the volume of fluids in the body.
Normal individuals may have a small volume of the angiotensin converting enzyme circulating in their blood.
M...
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