Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Lumbar spine (AP/PA view)
The lumbar spine anteroposterior or posteroanterior view images the lumbar spine in its anatomical position. The lumbar spine generally consists of five vertebrae (see: lumbosacral transitional vertebra).
Indications
This projection is utilized in many imaging contexts including trauma, postop...
Article
Schuss view
(Lyon) Schuss views are PA weight-bearing knee radiographs taken in 20-30 degrees of flexion 1,2. They are a variant of the Rosenberg view. Several studies have shown them to be more sensitive to detecting early knee osteoarthritis than standard extension AP views 1, particularly of the lateral ...
Article
Abdomen (AP supine view)
The AP supine abdominal radiograph can be performed as a standalone projection or as part of an acute abdominal series, depending on the clinical question posed, local protocol and the availability of other imaging modalities.
Indications
This view is useful in assessing abdominal pathologies,...
Article
Image preparation
Image preparation is a very important part of Radiopaedia.org, and we aim for high-quality images and uniformity across the site. As always, patient anonymity is essential, and any images with patient details included will be removed, and cases will usually be deleted.
Images
Quality
Radiolog...
Article
Resistive index (vascular ultrasound)
The resistive index (RI), also known as the Pourcelot index, is a calculated flow parameter in ultrasound, derived from the maximum, minimum, and mean Doppler frequency shifts during a defined cardiac cycle. Along with the pulsatility index (PI), it is typically used to assess the resistance in ...
Article
Cassette
Cassettes are rigid holders used in conventional and computed radiography (CR) for the screen film system and imaging plate respectively.
The back side of the cassette has rubber or felt for adequate contact between the screen film system or with the imaging plate. The front of the cassette is...
Article
Humeral neck (AP view)
AP view for neck of humerus is taken to look for fracture in the neck of humerus.
Patient position
patient can stand or lay down facing the X-ray tube
the dorsal aspect of shoulder of the affected side is kept in contact with the cassette (placed on a vertical stand)
X-ray beam features
a ...
Article
Cerebral angiography
Cerebral angiography is an interventional procedure for the diagnosis and/or treatment of intracranial pathology.
Indications
Cerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is indicated in a variety of settings including:
diagnosis and treatment of:
aneurysms 1
acute ischemic stroke
vascul...
Article
Knee (Beclere method intercondylar view)
The Béclere method intercondylar view is an additional projection of the knee, used to better examine the tibial plateau and femoral intercondylar spaces 1. It is anecdotally known as a 'notch view'.
Indication
The commonest indications for this additional knee view is for the assessment of a ...
Article
CT pulmonary angiogram (protocol)
The computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA/CTPE) is a commonly performed diagnostic examination to exclude pulmonary emboli (PE). Each radiology department will have a slightly different method for achieving the same outcome, i.e. diagnostic density of the main pulmonary artery and its br...
Article
Ankle and foot radiography
Ankle and foot radiography is the plain radiographic investigation of the distal tibia and fibula, the tarsal bones and metatarsals. Radiographic examination of the foot and ankle are often requested together, however, there is a plethora of literature to aid in the correct request of x-ray exam...
Article
Dual-energy CT - clinical applications
Dual-energy CT or spectral CT is a computed tomography technique becoming increasingly common in clinical practice due to the rapid rise in computer technology and expanding literature exhibiting vast advantages over conventional single-energy CT.
This article is limited to its clinical applica...
Article
Frontal oblique approach mammography
Background
Mammographic technique is very important to obtain diagnostic mammograms, to reduce the number of false negatives and to increase the sensitivity of the procedure. As widely noted in literature, most breast pathology occurs in the upper outer quadrant and is very important that this ...
Article
Digital breast tomosynthesis
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is an imaging technique that allows a volumetric reconstruction of the whole breast from a finite number of low-dose two-dimensional projections obtained by different X-ray tube angles, with a geometric principle very similar to that applied in stratigraphic te...
Article
Lateromedial oblique view
A lateral-medial oblique (LMO) view is a type of supplementary mammographic view.
The advantage of performing the lateromedial view is to depict lesions located far medio-posteriorly visible on the CC view only, or to depict palpable lesions in the inner quadrant not seen on mammography.
This...
Article
Double spot compression view
A double spot compression view is obtained by focal compression of both sides of the breast to produce higher spatial and contrast resolution. This is made possible due to the increased amount of breast thinning and a significant decreased incidence of blurring because of decreased exposure time...
Article
Pediatric scaphoid (axial view)
The scaphoid axial view in pediatrics examines the scaphoid bone in its true anatomical position. Since minimizing radiation dose is essential in pediatric imaging, one posteroanterior angled view of the scaphoid is usually sufficient. The scaphoid bone begins ossification at age 5 years and com...
Article
Maquet view
A Maquet view is a type of radiographic projection of the lower limbs.
It is a well established method of determining the axial alignment of the lower limb in the coronal plane and is of particular use in assessment of total knee replacements.
Radiographic assessment
Construct the weight bear...
Article
Tucked CC views
In the standard CC views posterior tissue may be excluded from the field of view, due to the anatomical attachment to the chest wall restricting mobility of breast tissues. The tucks CC views are useful to depict lesions deep in the posterior portion of the breast, located between 10 and 2 o'clo...
Article
Thoracic spine (lateral view)
The thoracic spine lateral view images the thoracic spine, which consists of twelve vertebrae.
Indications
This projection is utilized in many imaging contexts including trauma, postoperatively, and for chronic conditions. It can help to visualize any compression fractures, subluxation or kyph...
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