Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Cerebral amyloidoma
Cerebral amyloidomas are the rarest manifestation of cerebral amyloid deposition, typically appearing as solidly enhancing masses.
Epidemiology
Reported numbers are low due to the rarity of this condition, making generalizations about epidemiological features difficult. Generally, cases have ...
Article
Deafness
Deafness (also known as hearing loss or impairment) is the partial or complete loss of the sense of hearing.
It may be subdivided etiologically into
conductive: impairment of the passage of sound waves from the auricle to the inner ear
sensorineural: impairment localizes to the inner ear, in...
Article
Bilateral middle cerebellar peduncle lesions
Bilateral lesions of the middle cerebellar peduncles, resulting in the middle cerebellar peduncle sign, are uncommon and can be seen either in isolation (rare) or along with other regions of involvement.
Despite their relative rarity, they have a fairly long list of potential causes (see below)...
Article
Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)
Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) is a commonly used target for immunohistochemistry and is positive in many glial cells and tumors of glial origin. GFAP is the building block for intermediate filaments which are abundant in the cytoplasms particularly of astrocytes.
Related pathology
Alex...
Article
Extra-axial
Extra-axial is a descriptive term to denote lesions that are external to the brain parenchyma, in contrast to intra-axial which describes lesions within the brain substance.
Radiographic features
Often it is trivially easy to distinguish an intra-axial from an extra-axial mass. In many cases,...
Article
Klebsiella
Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, which is relatively commonly encountered in the healthcare environment. It has numerous species, including K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, and K. rhinoscleromatis 1. Klebsiella may cause a range of infections, most commo...
Article
Mild malformation of cortical development
Mild malformations of cortical development (mMCD), previously known as microdysgenesis 4, correspond to microscopic malformations of cortical development with heterotopic neurons and an abnormal cortical architecture 1.
For a broader view of malformations of cortical development, refer to the ...
Article
Mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy (MOGHE)
Mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy (MOGHE) is a histopathological entity primarily associated with drug-resistant frontal lobe epilepsy. MOGHE is characterized by a distinct histological phenotype that includes blurred gray-white matter bound...
Article
Condylar emissary veins
The condylar emissary veins (anterior, lateral, posterior) are major posterior cranial fossa emissary veins:
anterior condylar vein connects the internal vertebral venous plexus to the internal jugular vein
lateral and posterior condylar veins connect the external vertebral venous system with ...
Article
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Intraventricular hemorrhage denotes the presence of blood within the cerebral ventricular system. It is associated with significant morbidity due to the risk of obstructive hydrocephalus.
It can be divided into primary or secondary, with primary hemorrhage being far less common than secondary:...
Article
Systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS manifestations)
Central nervous system manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS lupus), also known as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), describe a very diverse range of neuropsychiatric manifestations that are secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the central nervous...
Article
Muscle-eye-brain disease
Muscle-eye-brain disease, a part of the spectrum of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A3; MDDGA3), is a congenital muscular dystrophy with associated progressive eye and brain abnormalities.
Clinical presentation
There is severe intellectual di...
Article
Parietal foramen
The parietal foramina are inconstant foramina on each side of the posterior aspect of the parietal bone near the sagittal suture and represent a normal anatomic variant. They transmit emissary veins, draining to the superior sagittal sinus, and occasionally a branch of the occipital artery. The ...
Article
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a distorted perception of reality and bizarre behavior. While the exact cause of schizophrenia is not known, multiple biological, psychological and social factors are thought to play parts in the development of the disease.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Calvarial doughnut lesion
Calvarial doughnut lesions are radiolucent ring-like skull defects, with surrounding sclerotic haloes, which may have central bone density, and may occur in any part of the skull.
Epidemiology
Most of these lesions occur in middle and old age, but also may be seen in juvenile skulls 1,2.
Clin...
Article
Supratentorial ependymoma
Supratentorial ependymomas are an uncommon type of ependymoma, found within the cerebral hemispheres, either remote to or abutting the ventricles.
They have distinct molecular features compared to both posterior fossa ependymomas and spinal ependymomas.
Epidemiology
Overall, supratentorial ...
Article
Cerebral venous infarction
Cerebral venous infarction is an uncommon form of stroke, and is most commonly secondary to cerebral venous thrombosis and frequently manifests with hemorrhage. It should be considered in infarcts (with or without hemorrhage) which do not correspond to a typical arterial territory 1.
Epidemiolo...
Article
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (CNS manifestations)
Central nervous system manifestations of Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), or von Recklinghausen disease, are relatively common among these patients and have a variety of expressions.
For a general discussion of the underlying condition, please refer to the article NF1.
Clinical presentation
NF...
Article
Galloway-Mowat syndrome
Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by nephrotic syndrome and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, namely microcephaly.
Epidemiology
Galloway-Mowat syndrome is considered extremely rare. Approximately 40 cases have been reported worldwide...
Article
Cingulate sulcus sign
The cingulate sulcus sign has been proposed as being useful as an MRI feature of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). It denotes the posterior part of the cingulate sulcus being narrower than the anterior part. The divider between the anterior and posterior parts of the sulcus being a...
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