Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Lipomatosis
Lipomatosis is a condition where there is diffuse excessive fat deposition within the body. Although considered a single entity in the WHO classification of soft tissue and bone tumors 7, lipomatosis encompasses a variety of conditions heterogeneous in demographics, distribution and etiology. Th...
Article
Splenic lymphangioma
Splenic lymphangiomas are relatively rare benign tumors that correspond to abnormal dilatation of lymphatic channels that can be either congenital or acquired. On imaging, they usually present as lobulated and multiloculated cystic lesions without solid component or significant enhancement.
For...
Article
Small bowel ischemia
Small bowel ischemia may be a life-threatening condition, arising from any one of numerous causes of disturbance of the normal blood flow through the small bowel wall.
Pathology
Etiology
It can be divided into acute and chronic forms, with the main underlying etiologies (each discussed separ...
Article
Gastric cancer (TNM staging)
Gastric cancer staging is routinely performed using the TNM staging system. This article is based on the 8th edition of the AJCC TNM classification of malignant tumors. This is technically the clinical TNM staging (cTNM).
cTNM staging (8th edition)
T
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: ...
Article
Abdominoperineal resection
Abdominoperineal resection (APR), or abdominoperineal excision of the rectum (APER), is a type of surgery for the treatment of predominantly low rectal carcinoma in which the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal are removed leaving behind a permanent colostomy.
Indications
Most commonly in pa...
Article
Spleen
The spleen is an organ of the hematological system and has a role in immune response, storage of red blood cells and hematopoiesis.
Gross anatomy
The spleen is a wedge-shaped organ lying mainly in the left upper quadrant (left hypochondrium and partly in the epigastrium) and is protected by th...
Article
Median arcuate ligament
The median arcuate ligament is a fibrous arch connecting the left and right diaphragmatic crura at the aortic hiatus 1,2.
A low-lying median arcuate ligament can compress the celiac axis to cause celiac artery compression syndrome which is also known as median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) 2.
Article
Odynophagia
Odynophagia is the term given for painful swallowing.
Pathology
It can arise from a number of causes which include
esophageal inflammation - esophagitis
esophageal infection
substernal dysphagia
tonsillitis
pharyngitis
esophageal spasm
See also
dysphagia: difficulty swallowing.
Article
Incompetent ileocecal valve
An incompetent ileocecal valve is a situation where there can be reflux of backward flow of food content from the large bowel (cecum) through to the small bowel (terminal ileum) and through the ileocecal valve. A low degree of incompetence is not an uncommon finding 3. In some states, patients m...
Article
Aortic hiatus
The aortic hiatus is one of the three major apertures through the diaphragm and lies at the level of T12. Strictly speaking, it is not a real aperture in the diaphragm, but an osseoaponeurotic opening between it and the vertebral column.
The hiatus is situated slightly to the left of the midli...
Article
Meandering main pancreatic duct
Meandering main pancreatic duct (MMPD) denotes a main pancreatic duct that drains normally into the major papilla but performs a hairpin turn (reverse Z-type) or loop (loop-type) in the pancreatic head, in contradistinction to the smooth curvature seen in most cases.
These ductal variants are f...
Article
Lumboperitoneal shunt
Lumboperitoneal (LP) shunts are a device used to shunt cerebrospinal fluid in the treatment of increased CSF pressure.
As the name suggests, a catheter is placed with its tip in the lumbar spinal canal (intrathecal). The distal catheter is tunneled under the skin and into the peritoneal cavity....
Article
Pseudokidney sign (intussusception)
The pseudokidney sign is a characteristic ultrasound appearance in some cases of intestinal intussusception. It refers to the longitudinal ultrasound appearance of the intussuscepted segment of bowel which mimics a kidney.
The fat-containing mesentery, containing vessels, which is dragged into ...
Article
Bucket handle mesenteric injury
Bucket handle mesenteric injuries are avulsions of the mesentery off a bowel segment (the handle) due to shearing forces in blunt trauma to the bowel and mesentery. Laceration of the mesenteric vessels results in intestinal ischemia.
Clinical presentation
The most common mechanism of injury in...
Article
Esophageal leiomyoma
Esophageal leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm of the esophagus. It is the most common benign tumor of the esophagus.
Epidemiology
It is most frequently presents in young and middle age groups (20-50 years). The overall incidence is around 8-43 per 10,000 autopsy series 4.
Clinical p...
Article
Pediatric appendicitis score
The Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) is a clinical decision rule and predictor of the likelihood of acute appendicitis in the pediatric population 1.
Criteria
cough/percussion/hopping tenderness in right lower quadrant (+2)
anorexia (+1)
fever (+1)
nausea or emesis (+1)
tenderness in rig...
Article
Intravenous drug user
Intravenous drug users (IVDU) are people who inject non-medical and controlled medical drugs (and may have substance use disorder) for non-medical purposes. Frequently injected drugs include heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and methamphetamine 6.
Terminology
More neutral terms such as pe...
Article
Bird beak sign (sigmoid colon)
Bird's beak sign of the sigmoid is one of the signs of sigmoid volvulus. It represents gradual narrowing/tapering of the sigmoid colon up to the level of obstruction during contrast/barium insertion to the rectum or on CT.
When located in the sigmoid colon, it suggests the diagnosis of sigmoid ...
Article
Rectal prolapse
A rectal prolapse is a form of pelvic organ prolapse and refers to the prolapse of the rectum into the anal canal. They can involve the entire wall of the rectum or only the mucosal layer.
Epidemiology
Rectal prolapse in Western populations is more common in females (M:F 1:4). In women, it is ...
Article
Pancreatic intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm
Pancreatic intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms (ITPNs) are rare variants of intraductal papillary neoplasms. Unlike an IPMN, an ITPN does not produce mucin.
Epidemiology
The prevalence is unclear. Small series show no gender predilection and an average age of presentation of 58 years old 1.
...
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