Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Thymic hyperplasia
Thymic hyperplasia is a disorder whereby there is hyperplasia of the thymus.
Pathology
Thymic hyperplasia can be subdivided into two forms:
true thymic hyperplasia
lymphoid thymic hyperplasia
Both true thymic hyperplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia manifest as diffuse symmetric enlargement of...
Article
Lateral humeral line
The lateral humeral line is used to confirm the alignment of the pediatric radiocapitellar joint in the coronal plane 1. This is particularly important in injuries such as a Monteggia fracture-dislocation or in a radial neck fracture.
Measurement
The lateral humeral line is drawn on a pediatri...
Article
Pentalogy of Cantrell
The pentalogy of Cantrell is an extremely rare phenomenon with an incidence estimated at around 6 per million live births 3.
It encompasses the following 5 main features 1.
omphalocele
ectopia cordis (abnormal location of heart)
diaphragmatic defect
pericardial defect or sternal cleft
car...
Article
Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification is one of the two key methods of bone formation (the other being intramembranous ossification). Endochondral ossification occurs in ossification centers within a cartilaginous mold (anlagen) of a bone, progressively replacing that mold with bone 4. After primary ossific...
Article
Congenital renal anomalies
Congenital renal anomalies comprise of vast spectrum of pathologies and include:
renal agenesis
renal dysgenesis
congenital renal hypoplasia
congenital megacalyectasis
congenital cystic renal disease
infantile polycystic renal disease: autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD):...
Article
Tethered cord syndrome
Tethered cord syndrome is a neurological disorder caused by tissue attachments that limit the movement of the spinal cord within the spinal canal.
Clinical presentation
Tethered cord syndrome is a clinical diagnosis based on neurologic deterioration involving the lower spinal cord 7. Patients ...
Article
Pseudokidney sign (intussusception)
The pseudokidney sign is a characteristic ultrasound appearance in some cases of intestinal intussusception. It refers to the longitudinal ultrasound appearance of the intussuscepted segment of bowel which mimics a kidney.
The fat-containing mesentery, containing vessels, which is dragged into ...
Article
Lateral humeral condyle fracture
Lateral humeral condyle fractures also referred to simply as lateral condyle fractures (in the appropriate context), are relatively common elbow fractures that predominantly occur in children. They may be subtle but are hugely important to diagnose promptly because if they are missed, they tend ...
Article
Maple syrup urine disease
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a very rare metabolic disorder. It is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism, which classically affects the brain tissue resulting in impairment or death if untreated.
Epidemiology
MSUD occurs in 1 in 185,000 births 9.
Clinical presentation
It usually ma...
Article
Head ultrasound
Head ultrasound (HUS), also called cranial ultrasound (CUS), is obtained for the diagnosis and follow-up of premature and sick neonates.
Advantages
Head ultrasound has the advantages of:
accessibility
mobility, i.e. bedside scanning at the NICU and neonatal ward
requiring no sedation
enabl...
Article
Transposition of the great arteries
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA), also known as transposition of the great vessels (TGV), is the most common cyanotic congenital cardiac anomaly presenting during the newborn period, with cyanosis in the first 24 hours of life.
It occurs as a result of ventriculoarterial discordance, w...
Article
Pediatric appendicitis score
The Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) is a clinical decision rule and predictor of the likelihood of acute appendicitis in the pediatric population 1.
Criteria
cough/percussion/hopping tenderness in right lower quadrant (+2)
anorexia (+1)
fever (+1)
nausea or emesis (+1)
tenderness in rig...
Article
Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow
Elbow involvement in osteochondritis dissecans is rare. It is defined as a localized fragmentation of bone overlying the capitellum cartilage. For a general discussion of osteochondritis dissecans refer to the parent article - osteochondritis dissecans.
Epidemiology
Most commonly seen in young...
Article
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, also known as levo- or L-loop transposition (L-TGA), is a rare cardiovascular anomaly with inversion of the ventricles and great arteries. See the main article on transposition of the great arteries for discussion of the D-loop subtype....
Article
Ventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal defects (VSD) represent a hole or pathway in the interventricular septum that allows for communication between the right and left ventricles. It typically results in a left-to-right shunt.
Epidemiology
They represent one of the most common congenital cardiac anomalies and ma...
Article
Hybrid lesion (pediatric chest)
A hybrid lesion in pediatric chest radiology refers to a combination of a congenital pulmonary airways malformation (CPAM) and a pulmonary sequestration (most commonly extralobar). It falls under a type of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. Due to more sophisticated imaging, they are increas...
Article
Wilms tumor (staging)
Wilms tumor staging is largely anatomical and relates to the invasion and spread of the tumor. Where there is invasion or metastasis, prognosis is poorer. Wilms tumor is one of the more common childhood malignancies.
stage I
confined to kidney
complete resection possible
stage II
local spre...
Article
Pediatric urinary tract infection
Pediatric urinary tract infections are common and are a source of significant imaging in young children.
Epidemiology
Pediatric urinary tract infections affect up to 2.8% of all children every year, with approximately 2% of boys and 8% or more of girls developing a urinary tract infection at s...
Article
Spinal muscular atrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy is a type of congenital neuromuscular disease affecting anterior horn cells of the brainstem and spinal cord.
Epidemiology
This disorder affects 1 in 6000-10000 infants 1.
Clinical presentation
Spinal muscular atrophy typically affects infants and young children, pres...
Article
Lead pipe fracture
The term lead pipe fracture is the term for a radiographic appearance given to a simultaneous greenstick fracture of one side of the bone (usually metaphysis) with a buckle fracture of the opposing cortex of the same bone.
There are differing opinions in texts as to whether this term should be...
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