Search results for “COPD”
750 results found
Article
Troponin
Troponin is a protein of key importance in the functioning of skeletal and cardiac muscles. It forms part of the contractile mechanism and comprises three main subunits: troponin C, troponin I, and troponin T.
Troponin elevation
Elevation of serum troponin can occur from a number of causes an...
Article
Trachea
The trachea, known colloquially as the windpipe, connects the upper respiratory tract to the lungs via the tracheobronchial tree, enabling gas exchange.
Gross anatomy
The trachea is a tube-shaped structure consisting of 15-20 D-shaped cartilage rings anterolaterally bridged by annular ligament...
Article
Obturator hernia
Obturator hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are characterized by bowel herniating between the obturator and the pectineus muscles. They are a rare type of abdominal hernia and can be a challenge to diagnose clinically.
Epidemiology
Typically obturator hernias occur in older women 2,3 or pa...
Article
Pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection
Pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection refers to pulmonary infection caused by one of the large number (at least 150) mycobacterial species other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, certain species are much more common than others.
Epidemiology
Risk factors
chronic lung...
Article
Direct inguinal hernia
A direct inguinal hernia (alternative plural: herniae) is a type of groin herniation, that arises from protrusion of abdominal viscera through a weakness of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal medial to the inferior epigastric vessels, specifically through Hesselbach's triangle.
This type ...
Article
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Pneumococcal pneumonia is a common lung infection caused by the organism Streptococcus pneumoniae (a.k.a. pneumococcus).
Epidemiology
Pneumococcus accounted for around 95% of pneumonia cases in the pre-antibiotic, pre-vaccination era. Conjugate vaccinations were introduced in 2000. These prote...
Article
Pulmonary gas embolism
Pulmonary gas emboli are a specific type of pulmonary emboli that, while rare, should be kept in mind especially with the use of automatic injectors and interventional procedures. The seriousness of the problem will depend on both the amount and rate of injected air in the circulatory system.
C...
Article
CEA
Serum CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is a cell-adhesive glycoprotein that was discovered in colorectal cancer in 1965, and is hence one of the oldest and most used tumor markers. Its name derives from its normal expression in fetoembryonic liver, gut and pancreas tissue.
Normal range of CEA is ...
Article
Bronchiectasis (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Bronchiectasis refers to permanent dilatation of the airways secondary to chronic inflammation or infection. It is the common pathological response of bronchi to a variety of congenital and acquired conditions.
Reference a...
Article
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) is an extremely rare but underdiagnosed pulmonary disorder at the benign end of the neuroendocrine cell proliferation spectrum of preinvasive lesions of the lungs.
The diagnosis can be suggested when CT demonstrates charact...
Article
Complications of pulmonary interstitial emphysema (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the complications of pulmonary interstitial emphysema is that the most common ones begin with:
pneum-
Mnemonic
pneumatocele
pneumothorax
pneumomediastinum
pneumoperitoneum
Article
Blunting of the costophrenic angle
Blunting of the costophrenic angle (also known as blunting of the costophrenic sulcus) is a chest radiograph sign usually indicative of a small pleural effusion. It may be seen on either frontal or lateral erect projections. It has been found that approximately 200 mL pleural fluid needs to be p...
Article
Mackler's triad
Mackler's triad consists of the clinical symptoms of vomiting, followed by severe pain in the chest, usually retrosternal, lower thoracic, and upper abdominal, associated with subcutaneous emphysema detected on physical examination, which is suggestive of esophageal rupture (Boerhaave syndrome) ...
Article
Bullous sarcoidosis
Bullous sarcoidosis is a rarely described pattern in pulmonary sarcoidosis where there is concurrent presence of bullous emphysema superimposed on the typical changes of sarcoidosis. It may be contributed by fibrotic cysts, bullae, and paracicatricial emphysema from traction effects or endobronc...
Article
Cardiomegaly
Cardiomegaly is a catch-all term to refer to enlargement of the heart, and should not be confused with causes of enlargement of the cardiomediastinal outline, or enlargement of the cardiac silhouette.
Pathology
Etiology
There are many etiologies for cardiomegaly:
congestive heart failure...
Article
Pulmonary hypertension (2003 classification)
There are numerous causes of pulmonary hypertension, and thus not surprisingly there have been many classification systems.
In 2003, the 3rd World Symposium on PAH met in Venice and produced an updated classification system (this has been further revised in the Dana Point classification of pulm...
Article
Pulmonary nocardiosis
Pulmonary nocardiosis is an infrequent but severe opportunistic infection typified by necrotic or cavitary consolidation in an immunocompromised patient. It is caused by Nocardia spp.
Epidemiology
The condition is rare in general. Immunocompromised patients, particularly those with impaired ce...
Article
Portal venous gas
Portal venous gas, also known as pneumatosis portalis, is the accumulation of gas in the portal vein and its branches. It needs to be distinguished from pneumobilia, although this is usually not too problematic when associated findings are taken into account along with the pattern of gas (i.e. p...
Article
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension is currently defined as a resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure of >20 mmHg at right heart catheterization, which is a hemodynamic feature that is shared by all types of pulmonary hypertension.
A resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure of ≤20 mmHg is considered normal...
Article
Intravenous drug user
Intravenous drug users (IVDU) are people who inject non-medical and controlled medical drugs (and may have substance use disorder) for non-medical purposes. Frequently injected drugs include heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and methamphetamine 6.
Terminology
More neutral terms such as pe...
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