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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Denver criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury

The Denver criteria are a set of screening criteria used to determine when CT angiography of the neck is indicated to detect blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) in patients presenting after trauma. Screening criteria The Denver criteria were initially developed in 1996 1, modified in 2005 to ...

Rotator cuff tear grading (MRI)

One method of grading rotator cuff tears on MRI is as follows: grade 0: normal grade I: increased T2 signal with normal morphology grade II: increased T2 signal with abnormal morphology (thickening, or irregularity of the tendon) grade III: defined tear (e.g. partial or full-thickness, compl...

Thoracic sarcoidosis (staging)

Thoracic sarcoidosis can be staged on a chest radiograph with implications for prognosis although HRCT and FDG-PET provide more information to help guide treatment. Usage Chest radiographs have been the mainstay of staging thoracic sarcoidosis for many decades with fair interobserver concord...

Patte classification of rotator cuff tendon retraction

The Patte classification describes the amount of supraspinatus tendon retraction in a complete tear of the rotator cuff of the shoulder, and is applied on sequences in the frontal plane 1: stage 1: proximal stump near the bony insertion stage 2: proximal stump is at the level of the humeral he...

AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries

The AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries is a concise and comprehensive system for categorizing the spectrum of traumatic bony and ligamentous injuries involving the occipital condyles, atlas (C1), or axis (C2). Usage The AO Spine upper cervical classification system is relativel...

Goutallier classification of rotator cuff muscle fatty degeneration

The Goutallier classification is a classification system used to quantify the amount of fatty degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles, particularly in the context of rotator cuff tendon tears. Although originally described in shoulder CT 1, it is applicable and now most commonly used in MR. It ...

Three column concept of spinal fractures

The three-column concept of thoracolumbar spinal fractures (of Denis) forms the basis of several widely used thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems. Usage While the three-column concept was initially developed for classifying thoracolumbar spinal fractures, it can also be applied...

Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS)

The Ovarian-Adnexal Imaging Reporting and Data System, (O-RADS), aims to ensure that there are uniform unambiguous sonographic and MRI evaluations of ovarian or other adnexal lesions, accurately assigning each lesion to a risk category of malignancy being present, and which informs the appropria...

Cervical degenerative spondylosis (grading)

Cervical degenerative disease is extremely common. Cervical spondylosis can be graded using a very old but reliable classification devised by Jonas Kellgren et al 1,2. It is based on findings on a lateral cervical spine radiograph although it can also be applied to MRI evaluation of spine. The ...

Langenskiold classification of Blount disease

The Langenskiold Classification of Blount disease uses age and severity of deformity as grading parameters 1. Classification Six stage radiographic classification of infantile tibia vara, which is based on changes observed as the child matured: stage I: 2-3 years irregularity of metaphyseal ...

Crawford classification

The Crawford classification system is used to classify thoracoabdominal aneurysms and has important therapeutic implications. Precise classification of anatomical features allows accurate risk stratification and appropriate operative planning 1,2. Classification The system divides thoracoabdo...

Dameron-Lawrence-Botte classification of proximal 5th metatarsal fractures

The Dameron-Lawrence-Botte classification, or Lawrence-Botte classification, is a commonly used system for proximal fifth metatarsal fractures as it has management implications 3. Classification Under this system, proximal fifth metatarsal fractures are categorized into one of three anatomic ...

Landells classification of atlas fractures

The Landells (and van Peteghem) classification of fractures of the atlas is one of the commonly used systems to describe C1 vertebral injuries. Classification Fractures are classified by their involvement of the C1 anterior arch, posterior arch, and/or lateral mass 1: type I: confined to eith...

Subaxial cervical spine injury classification

The subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC) system and severity score is a system for cervical spine trauma that helps guide treatment and predicts prognosis. Classification Three parameters are assessed, two being radiologic determined and the last being a clinical assessment 1. ...

Tuli classification of occipital condyle fractures

The Tuli classification of occipital condyle fractures is a clinically-oriented system for describing these injuries based on fracture displacement and ligamentous injury. It is newer than the more well-known Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures and allows the inc...

Heidelberg bleeding classification

The Heidelberg bleeding classification categorizes intracranial hemorrhages (hemorrhagic transformation) occurring after ischemic stroke and reperfusion therapy. Anatomic description Class 1: hemorrhagic transformation of infarcted brain tissue 1a: HI1: scattered small petechiae, no mass effe...

Elbow instability

Elbow instability refers to an excessive, usually painful, mobility in the elbow joint, most of the time as a result of a prior traumatic event or overuse and maybe also seen in patients with connective tissue disease 1,2. Diagnosis The diagnosis of elbow instability can be established with cl...

Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS)

BI-RADS (Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System) is a risk assessment and quality assurance tool developed by American College of Radiology that provides a widely accepted lexicon and reporting schema for imaging of the breast. It applies to mammography, ultrasound, and MRI. This article refle...

Modified Outerbridge grading of chondromalacia

The modified Outerbridge grading of chondromalacia is divided into four grades by MRI, typically using fat-saturated proton density sequences. This grading system was originally devised for arthroscopy initially for assessment of chondromalacia patellae, but then modified and extended for all ch...

Kellgren and Lawrence system for classification of osteoarthritis

The Kellgren and Lawrence system is a common method of classifying the severity of osteoarthritis (OA) using five grades. The original paper 1 graded OA at the following sites and projections: hands: posteroanterior cervical spine: lateral lumbar spine (facet joints only): lateral hips: an...

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