Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Eosinophil
Eosinophils, also less commonly known as acidophils, are myeloid granulocytes and form one of the main types of white blood cells. Their counts are routinely measured as part of a full blood count. They have important roles in fighting parasitic infections, but are increasingly recognized as hav...
Article
Human epididymis protein 4
Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is an emerging serum biomarker in the assessment of epithelial ovarian tumors. HE4 is a member of the whey associated protein (WAP) gene cluster and has uncertain biological function 1.
Early results indicate that HE4 has higher sensitivity and specificity than ...
Article
Pandemic
The epidemiological term, pandemic is applied to an outbreak of disease that has spread across the globe, or in other words, an epidemic that has crossed many regions, borders and multiple continents. Some of the largest pandemics in history include the bubonic plague in the 14th century and the...
Article
Poliovirus
Poliovirus is the causative agent involved in poliomyelitis. It is a single-stranded RNA virus and one of the smallest significantly described viruses:
group: group IV
family: picornaviruses
genus: enterovirus
species: enterovirus C
subtype: poliovirus
Related pathology
poliomyelitis
pol...
Article
Systemic pathology
The systemic pathology article aims to outline knowledge of systemic pathological conditions important for medical imaging specialists.
Systemic pathology
pathology of the vascular system
cardiac pathology
pathology of the hematological and lymphatic systems
pathology of the lung and pleura...
Article
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscles, skeletal striated muscles or plainly muscles are integral to the locomotor system responsible for movements. The human body's musculoskeletal system has more than 600 muscles 1 making up around 40% of the body weight. They are heterogeneous and have different architectures and ...
Article
Schiller-Duval body (histology)
Schiller-Duval body is a perivascular structure that can be found in 50% of testicular yolk sac tumors also known as endodermal sinus tumors. If present it is considered pathognomonic.
Pathology
A central vessel is surrounded by tumor cells, and the cell-vessel complex is contained in a cysti...
Article
KRAS mutation
KRAS (shortened name for the gene Kirsten RAt Sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) mutations are associated in a number of malignancies including:
certain adenocarcinomas of the lung
colorectal carcinoma 1
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Several germline KRAS mutations have also been found to b...
Article
Essential elements
The essential elements are chemical elements which are essential for optimal physical and mental well being, and required in bulk (cf. trace elements) quantities in a normal human diet. The elements are:
calcium
magnesium
phosphorus
potassium
sodium
Article
Rosenthal fibers
Rosenthal fibers are astrocytic cytoplasmic inclusions, typically found in areas of longstanding gliosis. These elongated or "corkscrew" structures occur within astrocytic processes and are brightly eosinophilic (stain bright pink on the H&E stain) 1-3. They represent astrocytic processes swolle...
Article
Lipase
Lipase, more specifically pancreatic lipase, is an enzyme produced in the pancreas and is responsible for the digestion of fat molecules. It may be raised (hyperlipasemia) in numerous pancreatic, hepatobiliary and other diseases but is most commonly associated with acute pancreatitis.
Physiolog...
Article
Langerhans cell
Langerhans cells are dendritic cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage, containing large granules called Birbeck granules. They are normally found in epithelial surfaces, lymph nodes and other organs, and can also be found elsewhere, particularly in association with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
...
Article
Hepascore
Hepascore is a biochemical severity scoring system based on liver function tests in predicting the extent of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C infection. Hepascore may also be applicable to other liver diseases and is being trialed for fatty liver disease and hepatitis B infe...
Article
CA 27-29
CA 27-29 is a tumor marker and is a soluble form of glycoprotein MUC1. It may be elevated in patients with breast cancer. Tumors of the colon, stomach, kidney, lung, ovary, pancreas, uterus, and liver may also raise CA 27-29 levels.
Certain non-malignant conditions are also associated with its ...
Article
Calponin
Calponin is an actin-binding protein regulating actin/myosin interaction in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells 1,2. It inhibits actin-activated myosin ATPase and stabilizes the actin cytoskeleton. It also serves as a target in immunohistochemistry where it can be used for the identification of m...
Article
Incubation period
The epidemiological term, the incubation period (IP) is the time between exposure to something pathogenic (including radiation, microbes or chemicals) and when the pathology first becomes apparent by symptoms. Some authors use the terms latent period and incubation period to mean the same period...
Article
Extranodal extension
Extranodal extension refers to the growth of a nodal cancer metastasis beyond the confines of the capsule of a lymph node into adjacent tissues. Less preferred synonyms include extranodal spread, extracapsular extension, or extracapsular spread.
This finding holds prognostic implications. For e...
Article
Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED), also known as dysplasia epiphysealis multiplex or Fairbank disease, refers to a group of skeletal dysplasias characterized by disorganized enchondral epiphyseal ossification in the long bones.
Epidemiology
The estimated prevalence of MED ranges from 1 in 20...
Article
Fuhrman grade of renal cell carcinoma
The Fuhrman grade, or Fuhrman nuclear grade, is a pathological grading system used in determining aggressiveness in renal cell carcinoma. It is mainly based on size of the nucleoli and the morphology of the nucleoli.
It is graded into 4 categories:
grade 1: inconspicuous nucleoli at ×400 magni...
Article
Chemical element notation
The notation of the 118 known chemical elements is prescribed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) 1.
Each chemical element has a long name and a symbol. In English the long name is only capitalized as part of title or sentence case. Chemical element names are not p...
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