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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Neuroimaging (dual-energy CT)

Dual-energy CT has a number of clinical applications in neuroimaging particularly in the realm of material composition and virtual non-contrast imaging. Differentiation of hemorrhage from iodinated contrast Contrast staining of the brain parenchyma post iodinated contrast can lead to interpret...

CT orbits (protocol)

CT orbits (computed tomography of the orbits) involves the visualization of bony and soft tissue structures of the orbits. This examination is most commonly performed as a non-contrast scan or reconstructed from other examinations such as a CT head/face. Contrast-enhanced scans are utilized depe...

Lumbar spine (flexion and extension views)

The lumbar spine flexion and extension views images the lumbar spine which consists of five vertebrae. Indications These views are specialized projections to provide functional tests 1 of lumbar spine instability, often in the context of spondylolisthesis. Patient position the patient is pos...

Wrist (radial deviation view)

The wrist PA radial deviation view is specialized projection employed to better demonstrate the carpal bones that lay on the ulnar aspect of the wrist. Indications Suspected abnormality at the ulnar aspect of the wrist, or in conjunction with a PA and ulnar deviation view to assess carpal move...

Subcallosal line

The subcallosal line connects the inferior surface of the genu of the corpus callosum to the inferior surface of the splenium and is used to define an axial plane for imaging of the brain 1. The alternative AC-PC line is most commonly used, however, the subcallosal plane remains recommended fo...

Phantom

A phantom or imaging phantom is a highly specialized object utilized in medical imaging for quality control, equipment calibration, dosimetry, and education. The use of the name is used interchangeably for each object despite their differences. There are two main types of phantom, anthropomorph...

Pediatric abdomen (lateral decubitus view)

The lateral decubitus radiograph is an additional projection for assessing the pediatric abdomen. This view is ideal for displaying free gas in the abdomen and/or if the patient is unable to lie supine 1. As radiation dose is an important consideration for pediatric imaging, the lateral decubitu...

Knee (AP weight-bearing view)

The knee AP weight-bearing view is a specialized projection to assess the knee joint, distal femur, proximal tibia and fibula and the patella. Indications Knee AP weight-bearing views will often be used in the context of orthopedic appointments to assess the alignment and degree of arthropath...

Tibia and fibula series

The tibia/fibula is comprised of an anteroposterior (AP), and lateral radiograph. The series is often used in emergency departments to evaluate the entirety of the tibia and fibula after trauma. Indications The tibia/fibula radiographs are performed for a variety of indications including: tr...

Hip (horizontal beam lateral view)

The horizontal beam lateral hip radiograph or shoot through hip is in the purest terms the orthogonal view of the neck of the femur to the AP projection 1. Indications The projection is used to assess the neck of the femur in profile during the investigation of a suspected neck of femur fractu...

Cervical spine (AP view)

The anteroposterior (AP) cervical spine projection is part of the cervical spine series. Indications This projection helps to visualize pathology relating to C3-C7 in the anatomical position, demonstrating any compression fractures, clay-shoveler fractures and herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) ...

Computed tomography curriculum

The radiography computed tomography section covers in detail the various clinical presentations that require specific computed tomography (CT) investigations, the anatomy examined and the different protocols utilized for specific pathology. It is broken down into region specific sections and is ...

CT gastrointenstinal bleed (protocol)

A CT gastro-intestinal bleed protocol utilizes a multiphasic technique to detect active gastrointestinal bleeding (as well as other potential non-bleeding bowel disease 1. Note: This article is a general guideline for evaluating CT gastrointestinal bleeds. Protocol factors are variable as they...

Densitometric vertebral fracture assessment

Densitometric vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) is an image of the lumbar and thoracic spine acquired on dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanners, for the purpose of diagnosing osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Terminology The technique is available on DXA scanners under a variety of...

Thumb (oblique view)

The thumb oblique view is a part of the thumb series and is particularly useful in cases with traumatic indications. Indications This projection will demonstrate the thumb in its natural 'AP' position, it is the thumb radiograph you would observe on an AP hand radiograph. It is a great project...

Shoulder (West Point view)

The West Point view of the glenohumeral joint is a modified axial projection of the glenohumeral joint in which the patient is prone. Indications The West Point view is a highly specific radiographic projection to assess the anteroinferior glenoid rim often in the context of recurrent instabi...

Wrist (PA view)

The PA wrist view is part of a three view series of the wrist and carpal bones. Although performed PA the view can often be referred to an AP view. Indications The PA wrist radiograph is requested for myriad reasons including but not limited to trauma, suspected infective processes, injuries t...

Normal brain imaging examples

This article lists examples of normal imaging of the brain and surrounding structures, divided by modality and protocol. CT CT (routine) example 1: C- axial, coronal, sagittal example 2: C- axial, coronal, sagittal & axial bone example 3: C- axial, C+ axial, coronal, sagittal example 4: C-...

Scaphoid (lateral view)

The scaphoid lateral view is part of a four view series of the scaphoid, wrist and surrounding carpal bones. It is a complementary projection to the PA view demonstrating the scaphoid in the orthogonal plane. Patient position patient is seated alongside the table the affected arm if possible ...

Thoracic spine series (pediatric)

The thoracic spine series for pediatrics consists of an anteroposterior and a lateral projection. Indications trauma with a suspected fracture atypical thoracic spine and upper back pain Projections anteroposterior view lateral view Gonadal shielding The use of gonadal and fetal shieldin...

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