Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
105 results
Article
Small cell lung cancer (staging) (historical)
Previously, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was not staged in the same manner as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but since 2013 both are staged using the IASLC (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) lung cancer staging system.
The idea behind a different staging system for ...
Article
Gleason score
The histological grading of prostate cancer has undergone many revisions, and for many years the primary system was the Gleason score, itself derived from the Gleason grade. In 2014, the Grade Group was introduced, and care must be taken to not confuse this with the Gleason grade.
The Gleason g...
Article
Dukes staging system for colorectal cancer
The Dukes staging system is a classification system for colorectal cancer. This system is now mainly of historical interest as it has largely been replaced by the TNM staging system. It is not recommended for clinical practice.
Dukes A: invasion into but not through the bowel wall (90% 5-year s...
Article
Osteochondritis dissecans (surgical staging)
Osteochondritis dissecans can be classified at surgery into 4 stages:
stage I
stable
lesion in continuity with the host bone
covered by intact cartilage
stage II
stable on probing
partial discontinuity of the lesion from the host bone
stage III
unstable on probing
fragment not dislocat...
Article
ECOG performance status
The ECOG performance status, often just called the performance status (PS), is a scale used to assess how a patient's disease is progressing, assess how the disease affects the daily living abilities of the patient, and determine appropriate treatment and prognosis (it is one of the three compon...
Article
Lung cancer (staging - IASLC 8th edition)
The IASLC (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) 8th edition lung cancer staging system was introduced in 2016 and supersedes the IASLC 7th edition. It is a TNM staging system.
Standard-of-care lung cancer staging ideally should be performed in a multidisciplinary meeting usin...
Article
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (staging)
Staging of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas is performed with cross-sectional imaging and relies on the identification of local tumor extent, and invasion of adjacent spaces. For a discussion of this entity please refer to the parent article: juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.
The stag...
Article
iRANO criteria
The immunotherapy response assessment for neuro-oncology (iRANO) criteria have been developed as a modification of RANO criteria to address the challenges of emerging novel immunotherapy for high-grade gliomas 1. Although these criteria have been primarily for the purposes of standardizing asses...
Article
Akeret staging of neuroepithelial tumors
The Akeret or anatomical staging of neuroepithelial tumors adheres loosely to the general scheme underlying AJCC TNM staging. Like other cancer staging systems, it assists in estimating the individual prognosis, in tailoring patient-specific therapy and surveillance, and in improving the compara...
Article
Distal cholangiocarcinoma (staging)
Distal cholangiocarcinoma staging is defined according to the TNM staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). As of 2018, the staging criteria are in their 8th edition and reflected below 1. These criteria apply to cancer...
Article
Cancer staging list
Cancer staging involves a number of systems to help direct treatment and aid prognosis. The AJCC TNM staging schema is the most common, but other systems are used for specific malignancies or body parts.
Breast
breast cancer staging
Chest
lung cancer staging
malignant pleural mesothelioma s...
Article
Rhabdomyosarcoma (staging)
Rhabdomyosarcoma staging is based on the Lawrence/Gehan staging system, which comprises of a combination of pretreatment staging and postoperative clinical grouping.
Stage
stage I: orbit, eyelid, head and neck (excluding parameningeal), genitourinary (non-bladder, non-prostate), N0 or 1, M0
s...
Article
Rectal cancer (staging)
Staging of rectal cancer uses the TNM staging system and strongly predicts the success, and rate, of local recurrence following rectal cancer resection. MRI is the modality of choice for the staging of rectal cancer, to guide surgical and non-surgical management options. MRI is used at diagnosis...
Article
Deauville five-point scale
The Deauville five-point scale (Deauville 5PS) is an internationally-recommended scale for routine clinical reporting and clinical trials using FDG PET-CT in the initial staging and assessment of treatment response in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL).
Incl...
Article
Renal cell carcinoma (TNM staging)
The TNM system may be used for staging of renal cell carcinoma. An older but still widely used system for staging of renal cell carcinoma in some practices is the Robson staging system.
TNM staging (8th edition)
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: tumor cannot be assessed
T0: tumor not seen
T1
T...
Article
Neuroblastoma (staging)
There are two methods of neuroblastoma staging; the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS, based on imaging of pre-treatment patients), and the International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS, based on the outcomes of surgery).
International Neuroblastoma Risk Group St...
Article
Iannetti classification of orbital invasion
The Iannetti classification grades orbital invasion by sinonasal tumors.
Usage
There is no universally accepted classification system (c.2021) for assessing orbital invasion by sinonasal tumors and other grading systems, including those proposed by McCary et al. and Neel et al. 2.
Classificat...
Article
Choi response criteria
The solitary use of the size of the tumor during evaluation for response to chemotherapy has some pitfalls and limitations, especially for specific tumors such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).
The Choi response criteria for GIST proposed that tumor attenuation could provide an addition...
Article
Liver cancer (BCLC staging)
Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) staging uses a set of criteria to guide the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
The classification takes the following variables into account 1,2:
performance status (PS)
Child-Pugh score
radiologic tumor extent
tumor size
multi...
Article
Binet staging system for chronic lymphocytic leukemia
The Binet staging system is one of the two staging systems adopted in assessment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
It classifies CLL according to the number of lymphoid tissues that are involved (i.e. the spleen and the lymph nodes of the neck, groin, and underarms), as well as the presenc...
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