Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Lipomatosis of the ileocecal valve
Lipomatosis of the ileocecal valve is a benign condition characterized by fatty infiltration of the ileocecal valve. It is usually detected incidentally during investigation of other conditions. However, it occasionally causes vague abdominal symptoms.
Epidemiology
This condition is usually se...
Article
CT chest abdomen-pelvis (protocol)
The CT chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the trunk covering the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is one of the most common CT examinations conducted in routine and emergencies. It can be combined with a CT angiogram.
Note: This article aims to frame a genera...
Article
Nasogastric tube position on chest x-ray (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Nasogastric (NG) tube position on chest x-ray should be assessed following initial placement and on subsequent radiographs.
Reference article
This is a summary article; we have a more in-depth reference article NGT.
S...
Article
Ascariasis
Ascariasis is due to infection with the Ascaris lumbricoides adult worm and typically presents with gastrointestinal or pulmonary symptoms, depending on the stage of development.
Epidemiology
Ascaris lumbricoides is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and in other humid ar...
Article
Sarcoidosis (abdominal manifestations)
Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown origin characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas. Virtually any organ system may be involved. Although less common than pulmonary and mediastinal disease, abdominal sarcoidosis can mimic more common infectious or neoplast...
Article
Behçet disease
Behçet disease is a multisystemic and chronic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology.
Epidemiology
The mean age at which Behçet disease occurs is 20-30 years. The disease is most prevalent in the Mediterranean, Middle East and East Asia. It is rarely reported in Europe. The highest incide...
Article
Traction esophageal diverticulum
A traction esophageal diverticulum is a true esophageal diverticulum (i.e. includes all layers of the esophageal wall) which occurs secondary to external pulling/traction forces on the esophageal wall.
Pathology
Etiology
pulmonary/mediastinal scarring or fibrosis
inflammatory processes in th...
Article
Rat's tail sign (esophagus)
The rat's tail sign refers to tapering of the inferior esophagus on barium swallow study. Many sources use this sign synonymously with the bird beak sign (esophagus) and indicate that it is characteristic of achalasia 1. It is important to remember that if a "rat tail" involves more than just t...
Article
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare multisystem disease with a wide and heterogeneous clinical spectrum and variable extent of involvement.
Terminology
Langerhans cell histiocytosis was previously known as histiocytosis X. The newer term is preferred as it is more descriptive of its...
Article
CA 19-9
CA 19-9 (carbohydrate antigen 19-9 or cancer antigen 19-9) is a serum antigen (monosialoganglioside) that has increased diagnostic use in the management of several malignancies, mainly of hepatopancreaticobiliary origin. It is non-specific, however, and can rise in both malignant and non-maligna...
Article
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis is a rare benign cause of acute or subacute small bowel obstruction. It is characterized by total or partial encasement of the small bowel within a thick fibrocollagenous membrane.
Terminology
The condition was originally termed abdominal cocoon. The conditio...
Article
Primary retroperitoneal neoplasms
Primary retroperitoneal neoplasms are an extremely rare group of tumors (lymphoma is not included in this definition). The most common type is soft tissue sarcoma (90%).
Epidemiology
The most common age for presentation is 40-50 years.
Clinical presentation
Frequently tumors have relatively...
Article
Gastric lymph node stations
The gastric lymph node stations were originally divided into 16 groups, as proposed by the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer in 1973.
Gross anatomy
There are three major groups of lymph drainage from the stomach, namely, left gastric, gastroepiploic, and pyloric nodes 4, as shown in...
Article
Colorectal cancer (TNM staging 7th edition)
The 7th edition of the TNM classification of colorectal carcinomas was proposed in 2010, and has now been updated and replaced by the 8th edition, published in 2016.
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ
T1: in...
Article
Pseudosacculation
Pseudosacculations (also known as pseudodiverticula) are outpouchings of normal bowel wall along the antimesenteric border. Inflammation and fibrosis along the mesenteric border of the bowel loop causes asymmetric shortening of the mesenteric wall, and subsequent pseudosacculations of the normal...
Article
McKeown procedure
The McKeown procedure ("tri-incisional esophagectomy") is a type of esophagectomy, that is similar in concept to an Ivor Lewis procedure, but it tends to be used for esophageal lesions that are higher in the esophagus.
Procedure
laparotomy
stomach mobilized, the esophagus
"gastric tube" may ...
Article
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Pancreatic pseudocysts are common sequelae of acute pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis, and the most common cystic lesion of the pancreas. They are important both in terms of management and differentiation from other cystic processes or masses in this region.
Terminology
The following are th...
Article
Abdominal x-ray review: artifacts/external
Abdominal x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using ABDO X is a helpful and systematic method for abdominal x-ray review, where X refers to the assessment of external objects and artifacts.
Summary
introduction
numerous ...
Article
Esophageal duplication
Duplication of the esophagus has a range of macroscopic appearances from complete (very rare) to partial cystic duplication (esophageal duplication cyst). It is the second most common gastrointestinal tract duplication after that of the ileum.
Epidemiology
A complete duplication is a rare malf...
Article
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is an uncommon primary tumor of the peritoneal lining. It shares epidemiological and pathological features with - but is less common than - its pleural counterpart, which is described in detail in the general article on mesothelioma. Other abdominal subtypes (al...
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