Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Sensorineural hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) refers to deafness secondary to conditions affecting the inner ear, internal acoustic canal, cerebellopontine angle, or vestibulocochlear nerve.
It an be classified audiometrically into two types
sensory (cochlear)
neural (retrocochlear)
Pathology
Conditio...
Article
Fossa of Rosenmüller
The fossa of Rosenmüller, also known as the posterolateral pharyngeal recess, is the most common site of origin for nasopharyngeal carcinoma 5.
Gross anatomy
It is located superior and posterior to the torus tubarius (the posterior projection of the cartilaginous portion of the Eustachian tube...
Article
Epistaxis
Epistaxis (plural: epistaxes) is the medical term for a nosebleed, and is very common in clinical practice with a broad differential diagnosis. Anterior epistaxes mainly bleed from Kiesselbach's plexus and posterior epistaxes (5% of all epistaxis) from Woodruff's plexus.
Epidemiology
Epistaxis...
Article
Retrobulbar hemorrhage
Retrobulbar hemorrhage is the presence of a post septal orbital hematoma and is usually due to craniofacial trauma causing an extraconal hematoma. It may cause orbital compartment syndrome which is an ophthalmologic emergency.
Clinical features
If small, there may be no orbital or ocular sympt...
Article
Intraparotid nodal metastases
Intraparotid nodal metastases refer to metastatic involvement of intraparotid lymph nodes from either a primary parotid tumor or an extraparotid tumor in the head and neck (e.g. nasopharyngeal carcinoma).
Pathology
Location
There may be a predilection towards the superficial lobe or tail regi...
Article
Fibrosing inflammatory pseudotumor
Fibrosing inflammatory pseudotumors are an inflammatory process with histology showing a polymorphous infiltrate with plasma cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils as well as a significant reactive fibrovascular component.
Pathology
Location
They can occur at various sites of the body including: ...
Article
Odynophagia
Odynophagia is the term given for painful swallowing.
Pathology
It can arise from a number of causes which include
esophageal inflammation - esophagitis
esophageal infection
substernal dysphagia
tonsillitis
pharyngitis
esophageal spasm
See also
dysphagia: difficulty swallowing.
Article
Thyroseq
Thyroseq® is an expanded gene classifier test designed for further evaluation of indeterminate thyroid nodules on fine needle aspiration (FNA). In particular, it is designed to further evaluate nodules that show atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (...
Article
Canine space
The canine space, or infraorbital space, is a paired compartment in the soft tissues of the face, overlying the maxilla near the canine tooth root and covered by the levator labii superioris muscle.
Gross anatomy
The canine space contains fat and branches of the infraorbital nerve.
Boundaries...
Article
Petrous apex
The petrous apex is the pyramid-shaped anteromedial part of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It is oriented obliquely in the skull base and articulates with the posterior aspect of the greater wing of the sphenoid and occipital bones.
The lateral boundary is the inner ear, medially the pe...
Article
Concha bullosa
Concha bullosa (plural: conchae bullosae) (also known as middle turbinate pneumatization) is a common finding and although associated with deviation of the nasal septum, it is usually of little clinical importance.
Epidemiology
Concha bullosa is a normal variant and is one of the most common v...
Article
Choroidal osteoma
Choroidal osteomas are rare benign calcific masses of the globe.
Epidemiology
Choroidal osteomas are typically found in young Caucasian women 1. A number of familial cases have been reported 3.
Clinical presentation
These lesions are usually unilateral (75%), and result in painless and gra...
Article
Cemento-ossifying fibroma
Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) are rare, benign neoplasms that usually arise from the mandible or maxilla. They most often arise from the tooth bearing areas of these bones.
Terminology
In the 2005 WHO histological classification of odontogenic tumors, this tumor is referred to as "ossifying ...
Article
Aphakia
Aphakia (less commonly aphacia) is the absence of the lens from the ocular globe.
Pathology
Etiology
surgical removal of a cataract (commonest cause)
trauma
congenital
Treatment and prognosis
Surgical insertion of an intraocular lens implant, in which case the aphakic appearance is calle...
Article
ATA guidelines for assessment of thyroid nodules
The American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for assessment of thyroid nodules are meant to improve inter- and intra-reader consistency during assessment of thyroid nodules on ultrasound, and to facilitate communication with referring endocrinologists.
The 2015 guidelines stress the import...
Article
Extrinsic muscles of the larynx
The extrinsic muscles of the larynx are groups of muscles that act on the larynx as a whole to alter its position. Functionally they can be described as two groups of muscles:
infrahyoid muscles: depressors of the hyoid and larynx which are innervated by various nerves from the ansa cervicalis)...
Article
Mandibular fracture
Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs. This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making s...
Article
Tegmen
The tegmen is the thin osseous plate that separates the middle cranial fossa from the tympanic and mastoid cavities of the temporal bone. It is comprised of two or three parts 1,2:
tegmen tympani (roof of the tympanic cavity)
tegmen mastoideum (roof of the mastoid cavity)
tegmen antri (roof o...
Article
Osseointegrated implant
Osseointegrated implants (OI) are endosteal implants characterized by porous surfaces that allow a direct structural connection between bone and implant without interposed soft tissue and ingrowth and interdigitation of the newly formed lamellar bone.
Osseointegration has been defined as direct...
Article
Sinonasal mucormycosis
Sinonasal mucormycosis refers to an uncommon form of invasive fungal sinus infection. Given its highly invasive nature, it can involve orbits and/or intracranial structures.
Clinical presentation
The presentation can vary, ranging from exophthalmos, rhinorrhea, and ophthalmoplegia with loss of...
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