Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Gallbladder perforation
Gallbladder perforations are a serious complication of acute cholecystitis and represent an advanced stage of the disease. They tend to occur in an elderly and/or comorbid demographic and carry higher rates of morbidity and mortality.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms and clinical signs are varia...
Article
Pancreatic lymphoma
Pancreatic lymphoma is most commonly a B-cell subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Epidemiology
Pancreatic lymphoma is typically seen in middle-aged patients with a mean age of around 55 years old and is more common in immunocompromised patients.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms are often non-speci...
Article
Gastropancreatic fistula
A gastropancreatic fistula is a rare form of gut fistulation where there is a fistulous communication between the stomach and the pancreas.
It has been described in association with
chronic pancreatitis 1 / severe pancreatitis
intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) 4
peptic ulcers 2
...
Article
Abdominal and pelvic anatomy
Abdominal and pelvic anatomy encompasses the anatomy of all structures of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
This anatomy section promotes the use of the Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard of anatomical nomenclature.
Article
Bile duct dilatation
Bile duct dilatation refers to the dilatation of intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts.
Clinical presentation
Variable, depending on the underlying cause, but usually:
right upper quadrant pain
jaundice
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
Harmonic imaging is useful when assessing the bilia...
Article
Bile duct stricture
Bile duct strictures are problematic in terms of management and distinction between benign and malignant.
Pathology
Etiology
There are numerous causes of biliary duct strictures, including 1,2:
malignant
cholangiocarcinoma
involvement by pancreatic head adenocarcinoma
involvement by ampul...
Article
Acute abdominal pain
Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management.
Terminology
A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...
Article
Cystic vein
The cystic veins (TA: venae cysticae) are one of two venous drainage pathways of the gallbladder. They subsequently drain into the portal vein.
Gross anatomy
The cystic veins begin as venules running over the surface of the fundus and body of the gallbladder merging proximate to the neck of th...
Article
Clonorchiasis
Clonorchiasis is a trematodiasis caused by chronic infestation by Clonorchis sinensis and can lead to recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, biliary strictures and cholangiocarcinoma.
Epidemiology
Infection with Clonorchis sinensis occurs in endemic areas, mainly east China. Over 85 million people a...
Article
Celiacomesenteric trunk
The celiacomesenteric trunk (CMT) represents an uncommon vascular anatomical variant where both the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) have a common origin from the abdominal aorta as a single trunk. Its frequency has been reported to occur in about 1.5% of the population 1,2....
Article
Santorinicele
A santorinicele refers to a cystic dilatation of the end of the dorsal pancreatic duct (duct of Santorini) 1,2 and is believed to be analogous to a dilatation of the most distal common bile duct, which is commonly known as a choledochocele 3.
It usually occurs in association with pancreas divis...
Article
Glycogen storage disease type II
Glycogen storage disease type II, also known as Pompe disease or acid maltase deficiency disease, is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by abnormal glycogen accumulation within lysosomes. It is a multisystem disorder involving the heart, skeletal muscle and liver. It is caused...
Article
Inflammatory hepatic adenoma
Inflammatory hepatic adenomas are a genetic and pathological subtype of hepatic adenoma. Their appearance and prognosis is different than other subtypes and they have the highest incidence of hemorrhage amongst hepatic adenoma subtypes.
Epidemiology
Inflammatory hepatic adenomas are the most c...
Article
HNF 1 alpha mutated hepatic adenoma
HNF 1 alpha mutated hepatic adenomas are a genetic and pathologic subtype of hepatic adenoma. Their appearance and prognosis are different from other subtypes.
Epidemiology
They are the second most common (30-35%) hepatic adenoma after the inflammatory subtype. They occur only in female patien...
Article
Beta catenin mutated hepatic adenoma
Beta catenin mutated hepatic adenomas are a genetic and pathologic subtype of hepatic adenoma. Their appearance and prognosis are different from other subtypes.
Epidemiology
They are the least common subtype of hepatic adenoma (10-15%). They occur more frequently in men and are associated with...
Article
Nodule-in-nodule appearance (liver)
In hepatic imaging, a nodule-in-nodule appearance represents foci of abnormal arterial enhancement within a liver lesion, in cases of a liver regenerative nodule with a focus of hepatocellular carcinoma or high-grade dysplastic nodule. It is so called because of the nodular arterial enhancement ...
Article
Left triangular ligament of the liver
The left triangular ligament is a peritoneal suspensory ligament of the liver. It is formed by the fusion of the superior and inferior reflections of the coronary ligament.
It is shorter than the right triangular ligament and does not separate the left subphrenic space from the subhepatic space.
Article
LR2 cirrhosis-associated nodule
LR2 cirrhosis-associated nodules are defined as "probably benign" according to the LI-RADS classification system. They are a common finding in a cirrhotic liver and do not need to be mentioned in the report.
Radiographic features
The nodule must demonstrate all of the following:
diameter <20...
Article
Kaposi sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-to-intermediate grade mesenchymal tumor that involves the lymphovascular system. The tumor can involve the pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous and musculoskeletal systems. Although it is often thought of as an AIDS-related condition, it may also be seen in other p...
Article
Cluster sign
The cluster sign is a finding on MRI and CT that is associated with pyogenic hepatic abscesses and can help differentiate pyogenic abscesses from other types of liver lesions.
Radiographic features
The cluster sign is best seen on MRI T2-weighted and postcontrast T1-weighted sequences. Small n...
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