Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Burst fracture
Burst fractures are a type of compression fracture related to high-energy axial loading spinal trauma that results in disruption of a vertebral body endplate and the posterior vertebral body cortex. Retropulsion of posterior cortex fragments into the spinal canal is frequently included in the de...
Article
Myelitis
Myelitis is a collective term simply referring to any inflammation of the spinal cord. It is a form of myelopathy.
The two major sub types include:
leukomyelitis
multiple sclerosis
ADEM
transverse myelitis
ideopathic transverse myelitis
secondary transverse myelitis: viral, neurosyphilis ...
Article
ASAS classification criteria - active sacroiliitis on MRI
The Assessment in SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) classification criteria, published in 2009 1 with the revised 2016 consensus definition of a positive MRI (i.e. active sacroiliitis) still in use in 2019 6, utilizes imaging features of the sacroiliac joints on x-ray and MRI as one...
Article
Sacroiliac joint (AP sacrum view)
The AP sacrum projection is part of the sacroiliac series that includes an oblique projection (PA/AP) of the joint on both sides. Although usually taken as an AP projection it can also be taken PA with a reverse caudal central ray angulation of 30° to 35° when patients cannot assume supine posit...
Article
Toothpaste sign
The toothpaste sign in spinal imaging represents an extrusion of an intervertebral disc into the epidural space. It is called after the shape of extruded material relatively to the parent disc in a sagittal plane.
Article
Leptomeningeal drop metastases
Leptomeningeal drop metastases correspond to a CNS primary neoplasm spread inferiorly along the cerebrospinal subarachnoid spaces. It is usually presented as diffuse enhancing nodules along the spinal cord and cauda equina.
Please refer on leptomeningeal metastases to a broad discussion on thi...
Article
Epidural blood patch
Epidural blood patches are a treatment option for patients with craniospinal hypotension or post-dural puncture headaches in which small volumes of autologous blood are injected into a patient's epidural space to stop cerebrospinal fluid leak. The procedure can be done blind or under imaging (fl...
Article
Atlanto-axial articulation
The atlanto-axial articulation is a complex of three synovial joints, which join the atlas (C1) to the axis (C2).
Gross anatomy
Articulations
paired lateral atlanto-axial joints: classified as planar-type synovial joint between the lateral masses of C1 and C2, though somewhat more complex in ...
Article
Cone artery
The cone artery, also known as the artery of Desproges-Gotteron, is a rare anatomical variant which commonly arises from the internal iliac artery.
Gross anatomy
Origin
The cone artery has a variable origin and may arise from the internal iliac artery or its branches, commonly the iliolumbar ...
Article
Sacroiliac joint (PA oblique view)
The posteroanterior (PA) oblique sacroiliac joint view demonstrates the sacroiliac joints (SIJs) in an open profile. It is commonly used in conjunction with the sacroiliac AP view.
Indications
This projection examines both left and right sacroiliac joints for comparison purposes in the evalua...
Article
Opticospinal multiple sclerosis
Opticospinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS) is a demyelinating disease and has been considered a variant of multiple sclerosis (MS) encountered in Asian populations, who are generally rarely affected by normal multiple sclerosis. It has similar clinical and imaging features to neuromyelitis optica (N...
Article
White cord syndrome
White cord syndrome refers to the sudden onset of neurological deterioration following spinal decompressive surgery. The condition is believed to be a form of reperfusion injury of the spinal cord, not to be confused with central cord syndrome.
Epidemiology
White cord syndrome is rare with onl...
Article
Perivertebral space
The perivertebral space is one of the deep compartments of the head and neck and includes the prevertebral space and paraspinal space.
Gross anatomy
The perivertebral space is a cylinder of soft tissue lying posterior to the retropharyngeal space and danger space surrounded by the prevertebral...
Article
Intervertebral disc calcification
Intervertebral disc calcification is a non-specific finding seen in numerous conditions.
Epidemiology
It may be observed in pediatric 5 as well as adult populations.
Pathology
Etiology
degenerative: relatively common and may occur in up to 6% of routine abdominal radiographs in adults
post...
Article
Intervertebral foramen
The intervertebral foramina, commonly also called the neural foramina, allow passage of structures out of and into the vertebral canal.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
anterior: lower posterolateral aspect of a vertebral body and the intervertebral disc below, in the thoracic and lumbar regions.
in...
Article
Lumbosacral transitional vertebra
Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are a relatively common variant and can be seen in ~25% (range 15-35%) of the general population 1-3. Non-recognition of this variant and/or poor description in the report can lead to operations or procedures performed at the wrong level.
Depending on ...
Article
Spinal cord tuberculoma
Spinal cord tuberculomas are rare compared to intracranial tuberculomas and can be challenging to diagnose particularly in individuals who are not from endemic areas.
Epidemiology
Only 0.2% of central nervous system tuberculosis shows evidence of spinal cord involvement, and among tuberculosi...
Article
Vertebral body squaring (differential)
Vertebral body squaring refers to the loss of normal concavity of the anterior border of the vertebral body. It is seen in a variety of conditions, some of which are listed below.
Differential diagnosis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is the most common cause of vertebral body ...
Article
Cervical spine
The cervical spine (often shortened to C-spine) is the upper part of the spine extending from the skull base to the thorax at the level of the first vertebra with a rib attached to it. It normally consists of seven vertebrae. Its main function is to support the skull and maintain the relative po...
Article
Vertebral lesion (differential)
Differential diagnosis of vertebral lesions is very wide.
Differential diagnosis
Vertebral body origin
intraosseous hemangioma
metastases
Paget disease
multiple myeloma
osteonecrosis
vertebral body osteomyelitis
lymphoma
plasmacytoma
giant cell tumor
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
fi...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.