Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Distal radioulnar joint instability
Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability refers to excessive painful mobility in the distal radioulnar joint usually as a result of a previous traumatic injury or bony malunion.
Epidemiology
Distal radioulnar joint instability is common but often misdiagnosed 1.
Associations
Distal radioul...
Article
Chalk stick fracture
Chalk stick, also known as carrot stick fractures, are fractures of the fused spine, classically seen in ankylosing spondylitis.
Terminology
Some authors define the chalk stick fracture as a fracture through a Pagetoid long bone (see Paget disease) 3.
Pathology
They usually occur through the...
Article
Nunley-Vertullo classification
The Nunley-Vertullo classification is one of several classification systems used for the categorization of Lisfranc injuries. It is based on clinical, x-ray and bone scan findings and also associates the stages with management options or recommendations regarding those injuries 1-3.
Usage
The ...
Article
Plaster of Paris casts
Plaster of Paris (POP) casts are the most commonly used material for immobilizing injured limbs.
History
Various materials have been used to immobilize limbs since antiquity. Splints have been found by Egyptian archaeologists dating from 2500 BCE. Various mixtures of waxes, resins, gums and f...
Article
CT hip (protocol)
The CT hip protocol serves as an examination for the evaluation of the hip joint. It is often performed as a non-contrast study. However, it can be combined with a CT arthrogram for the evaluation of chondral and/or labral tears or a femoral neck version scan.
Note: This article aims to frame a...
Article
Open book pelvic injury
Open book pelvic injuries are most often the result of high-energy trauma and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to associated vascular injuries.
Pathology
Open book pelvic injuries result from an anteroposterior compression injury to the pelvis and result in a combin...
Article
Zone classification of extensor tendon injury
The zone classification of extensor tendon injuries divides injuries into zones based on anatomical location.
The zone classification is proposed to guide the management of these injuries and predict possible outcomes.
Classification
Flexor tendon injuries were initially classified into eight...
Article
Extradural hematoma vs subdural hematoma
Differentiating extradural (EDH) from subdural (SDH) hemorrhage in the head is usually straightforward, but occasionally it can be challenging. SDHs are more common and there are a few distinguishing features which are usually reliable.
Pathology
History and mechanism of injury
Extradural hem...
Article
Le Fort fracture classification
Le Fort fractures are fractures of the midface, which collectively involve separation of all or a portion of the midface from the skull base. In order to be separated from the skull base, the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone need to be involved as these connect the midface to the sphenoid b...
Article
Aviator astragalus
Aviator astragalus is an antiquated term for a pattern of isolated fracture-dislocation injury of the talus. Fractures included under this name include compression fractures of the talar neck, fractures of the body, posterior process or fracture-dislocation injuries.
More specifically the term ...
Article
Gartland classification of supracondylar humeral fractures
The Gartland classification of supracondylar fractures of the humerus is based on the degree and direction of displacement, and the presence of intact cortex. It applies to extension supracondylar fractures rather than the rare flexion supracondylar fracture.
Classification
type I: undisplaced...
Article
Isolated greater trochanteric fracture
Isolated greater trochanteric fractures most commonly result from forceful muscle contraction of a fixed limb, which usually occurs in those who are young and physically active.
Epidemiology
Isolated trochanteric fractures are more common in young, active males, usually between the ages of 14 ...
Article
Terry-Thomas sign
The Terry-Thomas sign refers to an increase in the scapholunate space on an AP radiograph of the wrist (or coronal CT). The increased distance indicates scapholunate dissociation (often with rotary subluxation of the scaphoid) due to ligamentous injury. There is no consensus as to what measureme...
Article
V sign of interphalangeal joint dislocation
The V sign is characterized on a lateral radiograph of the digit by the separation of the dorsal base of the dislocated phalanx and the head of the phalanx proximal to the incongruent joint 1,2.
Before reduction, the V sign might be assessed to identify more subtle dorsal subluxations 1.
If th...
Article
Burst fracture
Burst fractures are a type of compression fracture related to high-energy axial loading spinal trauma that results in disruption of a vertebral body endplate and the posterior vertebral body cortex. Retropulsion of posterior cortex fragments into the spinal canal is frequently included in the de...
Article
Forearm fracture
Forearm fractures are a group of fractures that occur in the forearm following trauma. The radius and ulna are bound together at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints and act as a ring. Like elsewhere in the body, it is difficult to only fracture one bone if there is a bony ring. If the radi...
Article
Diaphragmatic rupture
Diaphragmatic rupture or injury often results from blunt abdominal trauma. The mechanism of injury is typically a motor-vehicle collision.
Epidemiology
Given that the most common mechanism is motor vehicle collisions, it is perhaps unsurprising that young men are most frequently affected. The ...
Article
Calcaneal fracture
Calcaneal fractures are the most common tarsal fracture and can occur in a variety of settings.
Epidemiology
The calcaneus is the most commonly fractured tarsal bone and accounts for about 2% of all fractures 2 and ~60% of all tarsal fractures 3.
Pathology
Calcaneal fractures can be divided ...
Article
Stress fracture
Stress fractures refer to fractures occurring in the bone due to a mismatch of bone strength and chronic mechanical stress placed upon the bone and form the most severe form of a stress response.
Terminology
A pathological fracture, although a type of insufficiency fracture, is a term in gener...
Article
Blunt cardiac injury
Blunt cardiac injury (BCI) is most commonly the result of sudden deceleration or direct precordial impact and encompasses a spectrum of structural and functional cardiac derangements that may occur after trauma to the heart 7.
Terminology
While sometimes referred to with general terms such as ...
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