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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS)

BI-RADS (Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System) is a risk assessment and quality assurance tool developed by American College of Radiology that provides a widely accepted lexicon and reporting schema for imaging of the breast. It applies to mammography, ultrasound, and MRI. This article refle...

Modified Outerbridge grading of chondromalacia

The modified Outerbridge grading of chondromalacia is divided into four grades by MRI, typically using fat-saturated proton density sequences. This grading system was originally devised for arthroscopy initially for assessment of chondromalacia patellae, but then modified and extended for all ch...

Kellgren and Lawrence system for classification of osteoarthritis

The Kellgren and Lawrence system is a common method of classifying the severity of osteoarthritis (OA) using five grades. The original paper 1 graded OA at the following sites and projections: hands: posteroanterior cervical spine: lateral lumbar spine (facet joints only): lateral hips: an...

Von Laer classification of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures

The Von Laer classification, also known as the Laer classification, is used to grade the severity and the need for further diagnostic evaluation and surgical correction of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures, based on their clinical and radiological presentation. Classification Von Laer'...

Pulmonary hypertension (2013 classification)

In 2013, the 5th World Symposium on pulmonary hypertension took place in Nice, France and modified the classification system for pulmonary hypertension. This system supersedes the 2008 Dana Point classification of pulmonary hypertension. It in turn was superseded by the 2018 Nice classification ...

Pulmonary hypertension (2003 classification)

There are numerous causes of pulmonary hypertension, and thus not surprisingly there have been many classification systems. In 2003, the 3rd World Symposium on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) met in Venice and produced an updated classification system (this has been further revised in the...

Orthoroentgenogram

Orthoroentgenogram is a radiographic study used to evaluate anatomic leg length and calculate leg-length discrepancies. This study utilizes a long ruler placed on the film, and three radiographs including bilateral hips, knees and ankles. Similar studies used to evaluate true leg length include...

Shoulder impingement

Shoulder impingement describes a group of conditions characterized by the entrapment of musculoskeletal soft tissue within the shoulder, which primarily results in pain. The catching of the affected structures may be structural and/or functional in etiology 2. Types of shoulder impingement incl...

Harris classification of acetabular fractures

The Harris classification of acetabular fractures is based on definitions of acetabular walls and columns that differ from the Judet and Letournel classification 1. Usage The Judet and Letournel classification is more widely used and is applicable to both CT and plain radiographs, whereas, the...

Baker classification of acetabular erosion in hip hemiarthroplasty

The Baker classification of acetabular erosion in hip hemiarthroplasty is commonly used to grade severity 1-3. Classification Acetabular erosion is assessed on frontal radiographs 1: grade 0: no erosion grade 1: narrowing of the articular cartilage, no erosion grade 2: acetabular bone erosi...

Classification of gamekeeper thumb

This classification of gamekeeper's thumb (also known as skier's thumb) was proposed by Hintermann et al. 1 in 1993 and is based on whether a fracture is present and whether the injury is stable: type I fracture present, which is non-displaced and stable in flexion typically treated with a sp...

Fractures of the extremities (general rules and nomenclature)

General rules and nomenclature of fractures should be understood by, and familiar to, anyone involved in the interpretation or management of fractures of the extremities. This article covers basic nomenclature of fractures. Classification systems Before the most appropriate treatment for a fr...

Pathria grading system of lumbar facet joint degeneration

The Pathria grading system is used to classify osteoarthritis in lumbar facet joint degeneration. Usage This grading system is based on CT findings 1,2. Classification grade 1: normal CT scan with no degenerative findings grade 2: mild joint space narrowing noted, small osteophytes grade 3...

AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries

The AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries is a commonly used thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification system 1,2. The AO Spine system (2013) supercedes the more complex and less reproducible AO Magerl classification 3. Unlike the other widely used system, the thoracolumbar injur...

Occipital condyle fracture

Occipital condylar fractures are uncommon injuries usually resulting from high-energy blunt trauma. They are considered a specific type of basilar skull fracture, and importantly can be seen along with craniocervical dissociation. Treatment of isolated injury is generally conservative, unless t...

Mellado-Bencardino classification of Morel-Lavallée lesions

The Mellado-Bencardino classification of Morel-Lavallée lesions is based on shape, signal and enhancement characteristics, and the presence or absence of a capsule 1: type I: laminar-shaped and seroma-like with increased T2 signal type II: oval-shape that resembles a subacute hematoma with in...

Superior vena cava obstruction (grading)

SVC obstruction can cause SVC syndrome which is the most common condition affecting this vessel. It can be secondary to extrinsic compression or intraluminal thrombosis/stenosis. Collateral pathways, with the azygos vein being the most important collateral vessel, form in response to severe narr...

Combined conduit score of sinovenous stenosis

The combined conduit score (CCS) is a grading scheme for the assessment of the degree of transverse-sigmoid sinus stenosis in the setting of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The score was initially developed for ATECO MR venography 1. Parameters Assessment is performed using maximum inten...

Pediatric midface anomalies (classification)

This classification system based on the embryology and anatomy of the nasal cavity, nasofrontal region, and nasolacrimal apparatus as well as anomalies associated with craniofacial syndromes.2 Nasal cavity choanal atresia and stenosis pyriform aperture stenosis Nasofrontal region congenita...

Couinaud classification of hepatic segments

The Couinaud classification (French eponym: pronounced kwee-NO) is the most widely used system to describe functional liver anatomy. It is the preferred anatomy classification system as it divides the liver into eight independent functional units (termed segments) rather than relying on the trad...

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