Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Non-ossifying fibroma
Non-ossifying fibromas (NOF) are benign and generally self-limiting osteoclastic giant cell-rich bone tumors typically found in the metaphyses of long bones. They are classified as osteoclastic giant cell-rich bone tumors 1,2.
NOFs account for the 'N' in the popular mnemonic for lucent bone les...
Article
Skull
The skull (TA: cranium) is the superior-most part of the human skeleton and houses the brain and includes the skeletal elements of the face. It consists of numerous bones connected to each other by sutures which renders them immobile.
Terminology
Variability in which bones to include and how t...
Article
Breast ultrasound
Breast ultrasound is an important modality in breast imaging. It is the usual initial breast imaging modality in those under 30 years of age in many countries ref.
In assessing for malignancy, it is important to remember that one must use the most suspicious feature of three modalities (patholo...
Article
Parotitis
Parotitis refers to any inflammatory process affecting the parotid glands. It can be acute, chronic, focal, diffuse, unilateral or bilateral.
Parotitis may be part of generalized sialadenitis or may occur on its own.
Pathology
Unilateral
More common and often from infection/inflammation whic...
Article
Schizencephaly
Schizencephaly is a rare cortical malformation that manifests as a grey matter lined cleft extending from the ependyma to the pia mater.
Terminology
Some authors do not use the term schizencephaly, preferring to group these disorders under the blanket term of porencephaly. For the purpose of t...
Article
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is where a structural stenosis or dyskinesia of the sphincter of Oddi obstructs drainage from the common bile duct (CBD).
Terminology
This disorder is also known as sphincter of Oddi syndrome, post-cholecystectomy syndrome and suspected functional biliary sphincte...
Article
Stress shielding after fracture fixation
Stress shielding after fracture fixation is a result of the higher stiffness of the implant, which results in bone loss as a consequence of decreased physiologic loading of the bone according to Wolff's law. Stainless steel, although leads to an excellent union rate, eliminates dynamic loading t...
Article
Placenta accreta
Placenta accreta is both the general term applied to abnormal placental adherence and also the condition seen at the milder end of the spectrum of abnormal placental adherence (placenta accreta spectrum disorders). This article focuses on the second, more specific definition.
In a placenta accr...
Article
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a low-grade malignant tumor arising from dermal and subcutaneous tissues and is the most common cutaneous sarcoma (although overall still quite rare). It is most commonly found at the trunk and proximal extremities 6.
Its behavior is notable for a high ...
Article
Coffee bean sign (sigmoid colon)
The coffee bean sign (also known as the kidney bean sign or bent inner tube sign) 4 is a radiological finding on an abdominal plain radiograph of a sigmoid volvulus although some authors have also used the term to refer to closed loop small bowel obstructions.
Cecal volvulus may be confused wit...
Article
Crossed fused renal ectopia
Crossed fused renal ectopia refers to an anomaly where the kidneys are fused and located on the same side of the midline.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is around 1 out of 1000 births 1. There is a recognized male predilection with a 2:1 male to female ratio. More than 90% of crossed ren...
Article
Condylar process of the mandible
The condylar process, also called the condyloid process, is the process on the mandible that articulates with the disk of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
Gross anatomy
The mandibular condylar process consists of two portions:
condyle
presents an articular surface for articulation with th...
Article
Anterior cruciate ligament mucoid degeneration
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) mucoid degeneration, along with tears and anterior cruciate ligament ganglion cysts, is a relatively common cause of increased signal within the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The appearance can mimic acute or chronic interstitial partial tears of the ACL. How...
Article
Anterior cruciate ligament
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the two cruciate ligaments that stabilize the knee joint.
Gross anatomy
The ACL arises from the anteromedial aspect of the intercondylar area on the tibial plateau and passes upwards and backwards to attach to the posteromedial aspect of the late...
Article
Ganglion cyst
Ganglion cysts are non-malignant cystic masses that occur in association with musculoskeletal structures. They are the most common soft tissue mass in the hand and wrist.
Terminology
Ganglion cysts are sometimes also simply referred to as ganglia or a ganglion, but should not be confused with...
Article
Epitransverse process of the atlas
Epitransverse process is a rare anatomical variant of the atlas, consisting of a bony exostosis which extends cephalad from the transverse process of the atlas to articulate with the occipital bone. This process sometimes meets with a paracondylar process from the occipital bone, forming a pseud...
Article
Epiploic appendagitis
Epiploic appendagitis is a rare self-limiting ischemic/inflammatory process that affects the appendices epiploicae of the colon and may either be primary or secondary to adjacent pathology. This article pertains to primary (spontaneous) epiploic appendagitis. The term, along with omental infarct...
Article
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is a single midline endocrine organ in the anterior neck responsible for thyroid hormone production. It lies in the visceral space, completely enveloped by the pretracheal fascia (the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia).
Gross anatomy
The thyroid extends from C5 to T1 a...
Article
False aneurysm
False aneurysms, also known as pseudoaneurysms, are abnormal outpouchings or dilatation of arteries which are bounded only by the tunica adventitia, the outermost layer of the arterial wall. These are distinguished from true aneurysms, which are bounded by all three layers of the arterial wall. ...
Article
Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm
Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm refers to a pseudoaneurysm arising from the pulmonary arteries.
Pathology
A pseudoaneurysm results from a tear or disruption of all three layers of the vessel wall. Extravasated blood is contained by compressed extravascular tissue or a clot, which makes up the ...
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