Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Posterior fossa ependymoma
Posterior fossa ependymomas are the most common type of ependymoma, most commonly occurring in children. They are divided on the basis of DNA-methylation profiling into two groups, A and B.
Epidemiology
Posterior fossa ependymomas are encountered in all age groups but are usually encountered ...
Article
Pituitary stalk abnormal enhancement (differential)
Abnormal nodular enhancement of the pituitary stalk can be seen in a number of entities.
Differential diagnosis
tumors
germinoma
craniopharyngioma
hypothalamic glioma
pituitary lymphoma
pituicytoma
granular cell tumor of the pituitary (pituitary choristoma)
pilocytic astrocytoma of the...
Article
Venous circle of Trolard
The anastomotic venous circle of the base of the brain 1, also referred to as the venous circle of Trolard 2,3,5, is an inconsistently found venous homologue of the better-known arterial circle of Willis.
It should not be confused with other venous structures also described by Trolard such as t...
Article
Canadian CT head rule
The Canadian CT head rule (CCTHR) is a validated clinical decision rule to determine the need for CT head in adult emergency department patients with minor head injuries.
Inclusion criteria
Patient has suffered minor head trauma with resultant:
loss of consciousness
GCS 13-15
confusion
amn...
Article
Pallister-Hall syndrome
Pallister-Hall syndrome displays a wide range of severity and is characterized by hypothalamic hamartomas seen as a mass at the floor of the third ventricle, posterior to the optic chiasm 3,4.
Epidemiology
Pallister-Hall syndrome is rare and the exact prevalence is unknown. Patients with posta...
Article
Callosomarginal artery
The callosomarginal artery, also known as median artery of corpus callosum, is the largest branch of the pericallosal artery. It courses within or posterior to the cingulate sulcus, in parallel orientation to the pericallosal artery. It divides to give two or more cortical branches to supply the...
Article
Basilar artery fenestration
Basilar artery fenestration (or more simply, basilar fenestration) is the most common intracranial arterial fenestration and most common congenital anomaly of the basilar artery. This anatomic variant is characterized by duplication of a portion of the artery that are connected proximally and di...
Article
Sensorineural hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) refers to deafness secondary to conditions affecting the inner ear, internal acoustic canal, cerebellopontine angle, or vestibulocochlear nerve.
It an be classified audiometrically into two types
sensory (cochlear)
neural (retrocochlear)
Pathology
Conditio...
Article
Diffuse brainstem glioma (historical)
Diffuse brainstem gliomas or diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas was a term used to describe infiltrating astrocytomas arising in the brainstem, usually in children. It is no longer recognized as a distinct entity, removed from the 2016 update to the WHO classification of CNS tumors replaced by a ...
Article
Convolutional markings
Convolutional markings are normal impressions of the gyri on the inner table of the skull. They appear during the period of rapid brain development, typically between 3 and 7 years of age 4. They are seen predominantly posteriorly.
Anterior involvement of the skull is referred to as a copper b...
Article
Meningocele manqué
Meningocele manqué (from French, literally "missed meningocele") is a rare condition characterized by focal dorsal tethering of the spinal cord. The term is used to designate a meningocele which failed to develop and became atretic.
Epidemiology
It has been reported in neonates, but median age...
Article
Suprasellar arachnoid cyst
Suprasellar arachnoid cysts can be challenging to diagnose and, unlike many other arachnoid cysts, are usually symptomatic.
For a general discussion, please refer to the article on arachnoid cysts.
Clinical presentation
As can be expected from its location, suprasellar arachnoid cysts manife...
Article
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified.
Terminology
The older term benign intracranial hypertension is generally frowne...
Article
CHEDDA syndrome
CHEDDA syndrome stands for congenital hypotonia, epilepsy, developmental delay and digital anomalies. Is a newly discovered neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with mutations in a conserved histidine-rich motif within Atrophin-1 (ATN-1).1
Epidemiology
CHEDDA syndrome is very rare, with only...
Article
Cephalohematoma
Cephalohematomas are traumatic subperiosteal hematomas of the skull that are usually caused by birth injury. They are bound between the periosteum and cranium, and therefore cannot cross sutures. Being bound by a suture line distinguishes them from subgaleal hematoma, which can cross sutures.
E...
Article
Tectal glioma
Tectal gliomas fall under the grouping of childhood brainstem gliomas and unlike the other tumors in that group they are typically low grade astrocytomas with good prognosis.
Epidemiology
Tectal plate gliomas are encountered in children and adolescents 4. A male predilection has sometimes bee...
Article
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (commonly abbreviated to TB, short for tubercle bacillus) encompasses an enormously wide disease spectrum affecting multiple organs and body systems predominantly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A small proportion can also be caused by Mycobacterium bovis through drinking unpa...
Article
Gliosis
Gliosis is a reactive process occurring after some time following most types of central nervous system injuries and is the result of focal proliferation of glial cells, particularly astrocytes.
Terminology
Although the terms astrocytic gliosis or astrocytosis are often used interchangeably wi...
Article
Allodynia
Allodynia refers to pain due to a stimulus which does not normally provoke pain. Temperature or physical stimuli can provoke allodynia, and it often occurs after injury to a site.
Etymology
The word allodynia is derived from the Greek words άλλος (állos) meaning "other" and οδύνη (odýni) meani...
Article
Hypomelanosis of Ito
Hypomelanosis of Ito, also known as incontinentia pigmenti achromians, is the third most frequent phakomatosis, involving a wide spectrum of defects in multiple organ systems.
Epidemiology
The prevalence is unknown, being reported as between 1 per 8000 patients in a general pediatric hospital ...
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