Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Cartilaginous lesions
The differential for cartilaginous lesions includes:
osteochondroma
enchondroma
juxtacortical chondroma
chondromyxoid fibroma
chondroblastoma
chondrosarcoma
See also
fibrous lesions
osteoid lesions
Article
Twin pregnancy
Twin pregnancies are the most common multifetal pregnancies.
Epidemiology
Multifetal pregnancies account for ~1% of all pregnancies but are seen in much higher numbers in populations where in vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a common practice.
Classification
A twin pregnancy can be broadly cate...
Article
Pediatric bone metastases (differential)
There are a wide range of primary malignancies that result in pediatric bone metastases 1:
neuroblastoma
leukemia: although not truly metastases
lymphoma
clear cell sarcoma: Wilms’ variant
rhabdomyosarcoma
retinoblastoma
Ewing sarcoma: lung metastases much more common
osteosarcoma: lung ...
Article
Pancreatic neoplasms
There are numerous primary pancreatic neoplasms, in part due to the mixed endocrine and exocrine components.
Classification
Classification based on function
exocrine: ~99% of all primary pancreatic neoplasms
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (commonly known as pancreatic cancer) 90-95%
acin...
Article
Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis
Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis is a form of lung collapse that is due to obstruction of the airways supplying a lung segment or lobe. It is a term used to distinguish atelectasis identified on imaging based on the underlying pathophysiology to guide diagnosis.
Clinical presentation
The ...
Article
Syndactyly
Syndactyly (plural: syndactylies) refers to a congenital fusion of two or more digits. It may be confined to soft tissue (soft tissue syndactyly / simple syndactyly) or may involve bone (bony syndactyly / complex syndactyly).
Epidemiology
The overall estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2500 to 50...
Article
Leave alone lesions - paranasal sinuses
Leave alone lesions are findings that are usually discovered incidentally and do not require any specific treatment or follow-up if the patient is asymptomatic.
This article includes findings from paranasal sinus CT and MRI studies.
physiological process
nasal cycle
anatomical variants
conc...
Article
Complications of cranial radiotherapy
Complications of cranial radiation therapy are fairly common, particularly in long-term survivors, and especially in pediatric patients.
Cranial radiotherapy is used for a variety of brain tumors, either in isolation or in combination with concurrent chemotherapy. Complications from irradiation...
Article
Small lung volume (differential diagnosis)
The following differential diagnoses can be considered when small lung volumes are seen:
pulmonary fibrosis
prior surgery, e.g. lobectomy, lung volume reduction surgery
pleural disease, e.g. pleural thickening
skeletal deformities, e.g. kyphosis, scoliosis
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)...
Article
Urinary bladder diverticulum
A urinary bladder diverticulum (plural: diverticula) is an outpouching from the bladder wall, whereby mucosa herniates through the bladder wall. It may be solitary or multiple in nature and can vary considerably in size.
Epidemiology
There are two peaks; one at 10 years and the other at 60-70 ...
Article
Breast calcifications
Breast calcifications are deposits of calcium salts in the breast, which are radio-opaque on mammography. The majority are benign, but they can be associated with cancer. The ability to diagnose and appropriately manage the significant microcalcifications and differentiate them from innocuous fi...
Article
Cardiovascular shunts
Cardiovascular (cardiac) shunts are abnormal connections between the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Most commonly they are the result of congenital heart disease.
Pathology
Blood can either be shunted from the systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation (i.e. 'left-to-right shunt') or ...
Article
Paratesticular tumors
A paratesticular mass may derive from a number of structures that surround the testis within the scrotum; most commonly, they derive from the spermatic cord.
Pathology
The masses can be categorized as benign (70%) or malignant (30%).
Etiology
Benign
spermatic cord lipoma (most common parat...
Article
Causes of ascending aorta calcification
There are relatively few causes of calcification of the ascending aorta 1-3:
atherosclerosis (this usually spares the ascending aorta)
aortitis
syphilis
Takayasu arteritis
idiopathic
See also
porcelain aorta
Article
Incomplete border sign (chest)
The incomplete border sign is useful to depict an extrapulmonary mass on chest radiograph.
An extrapulmonary mass will often have an inner well-defined border and an ill-defined outer margin 1-3. This can be attributed to the inner margin being tangential to the x-ray beam and having a good inh...
Article
Suspected physical abuse
Suspected physical abuse (SPA), also known as non-accidental injury (NAI) or inflicted injury, in infants and young children represents both ethical and legal challenges to treating physicians.
Radiologists may be the first clinical staff to suspect non-accidental injuries when confronted with ...
Article
Patterns of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
Neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injuries can manifest in different patterns of involvement depending on the severity and timing of the insult. When considering the perinatal maturation process of the brain and the severity of an insult, it is possible to understand the various manifestations.
T...
Article
Temporomandibular joint effusion
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) effusions are unusual in asymptomatic patients, and thus should trigger a careful search for underlying pathology. It usually precedes osteoarthritis of the TMJ. Effusions are seen in:
TMJ dysfunction
septic arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Radiographic featu...
Article
Nontoxic megacolon
Nontoxic megacolon refers to colonic dilatation without mural abnormality and signs of colon toxicity. Although the definition of a megacolon has varied in the literature, most use the measurement of greater than 12 cm for the cecum, 8 cm for the ascending and transverse colon, and 6.5 cm for th...
Article
Calvarial thickening
Calvarial thickening can occur from a number of causes. These include:
idiopathic
chronic ventricular shunting 1
antiseizure medications
phenytoin 3
osteopetrosis 2
fibrous dysplasia
acromegaly
anemias (largely associated with massive hematopoiesis)
Paget disease
hyperparathyroidism
c...
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