Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Inflammation (acute)
Inflammation is the response of tissues to infection and damage. In the acute phase, it functions to bring cells and molecules to the site of infection or damage to elicit a protective response1.
The acute inflammatory response is characterized by three phases:
Dilation of blood vessels, whic...
Article
Columnar cell change without atypia (breast)
Columnar cell change without atypia breast lesions are characterized by enlarged terminal ductal lobular units lined by columnar epithelial cells which substitute the normal cuboid epithelial layer.
They are also associated with prominent apical cytoplasmic snouts and intraluminal secretions. ...
Article
Columnar cell hyperplasia of the breast
Columnar cell hyperplasia is part of the spectrum of columnar cell lesions of the breast characterized by enlarged terminal ductal lobular units lined by stratified (more than two layers) columnar epithelium, cellular crowding or overlapping without atypia.
It can also form tufts or mounds with...
Article
Alzheimer type I glia
Alzheimer type I glia are a type of glial cell. They are large multinucleated astrocytes encountered in glial tumors and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) 1.
Article
Tanycytes
Tanycytes are one of the three types of ependymal cells, themselves a type of glial cell. They are found lining the floor of the third ventricle overlying the median eminence of the hypothalamus 1.
It is believed that these specialized cells are involved in the feedback mechanisms on the ante...
Article
Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes are one of the four principles types of glial cells and are the central nervous system equivalent of the Schwann cells found peripherally. They wrap the neurons of the brain and spinal cord with myelin 1.
See also
oligodendroglioma
Article
Vimentin
Vimentin is a fairly widespread cytoskeletal component encoding for intermediate filaments. It can be used as a target for immunohistochemistry to help characterize numerous tissues and tumors.
Article
Synaptophysin
Synaptophysin is a membrane glycoprotein found in presynaptic vesicles and is commonly used as an immunohistochemical marker for cells of neuronal (e.g. gangliogliomas) and neuroendocrine lineage (e.g. pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas) 1,2.
In the brain, it has been suggested that perisoma...
Article
Basic reproduction number
The basic reproduction number (R0), also known as just the reproductive number, basic reproductive number, basic reproductive ratio, reproduction number, R nought or R zero, is a term in epidemiology for the average number of cases in a susceptible population that will be generated by an existin...
Article
Non-pulsatile tinnitus
Non-pulsatile tinnitus is a form of tinnitus where there is a continuous ringing sensation of the ears. It is thought to have a considerable subjective component in many individuals.
Pathology
Many factors have been postulated, inclusive of 1-5:
cerumen impaction
middle ear infection
medica...
Article
Scientific notation
In general, the Radiopaedia style guide adheres to internationally-agreed standards for scientific notation. The main exception is isotope notation, for which we have decided to drop the use of superscripted mass numbers.
anatomic nomenclature
chemical element notation
genes and proteins
nam...
Article
Pathology curriculum
The pathology curriculum is one of our curriculum modules and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core pathology knowledge for radiologists and other imaging professionals:
general pathology
cellular pathology
pathologic classification
systemic pathology
pathology of the...
Article
Granuloma
Granulomas are organized conglomerates of histiocytes, a specialized white blood cell 1. They form by the process of granulomatous inflammation, which is a specific type of chronic inflammation that occurs following cellular injury as a response to the mediators that are released. A broad range ...
Article
Free/total PSA ratio
The free/total PSA ratio (f/t PSA) is the simple mathematical ratio of the free prostate specific antigen (PSA) in blood serum over the total PSA in blood serum 1,2. It is expressed as a dimensionless quantity 4.
The lower the f/t PSA, the higher the probability of prostate cancer 5, however, d...
Article
Chromogranin A
Chromogranin A (CgA) is an acidic secretory glycoprotein found in the secretory granules of neuroendocrine cells and neurons, as is a member of the granin family of proteins. It can be used both for immunohistochemical stains and as a serum marker 4.
Immunohistochemistry
Chromogranin A is use...
Article
CA-125
CA-125 is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein found on the surface of Müllerian and celomic epithelial-derived cell types and is the best-known tumor marker for epithelial ovarian cancer 6. Importantly, it may also be elevated in several other conditions (see differential diagnosis section belo...
Article
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDHx) gene mutation
Succinate dehydrogenase gene (SDHx) germline mutations increase the risk of sympathetic paragangliomas, head and neck paragangliomas, pheochromocytomas, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) 1,2,6,7.
Pathology
There are four SDH genes - SDHA, SDHB, SDHC...
Article
Desmoplasia
Desmoplasia, also known as a desmoplastic reaction, is the term used by pathologists to refer to the growth of fibrous tissue around disease, usually cancer. However in dermatopathology, desmoplasia may also be seen with benign, as well as malignant, conditions.
Terminology
Pathologists prefer...
Article
Neurofibromin
Neurofibromin is a protein coded for by the NF1 gene located on chromosome 17 (17q11.2). It is a multifunctional protein and is involved in the regulation of many cellular signaling pathways. In patients with a mutation of the NF1 gene, neurofibromin is defective and results in the clinical synd...
Article
Vitamin B complex
Historically, the vitamin B complex was the collective name given to a specific subset of the vitamins, known as the B vitamins. However the chemical structures of these compounds are structurally heterogeneous and they do not constitute a distinct biochemical group. They are all water soluble v...
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