Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Gastric neuroendocrine tumor
Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (GNETs), previously known as gastric carcinoids, are rare primary neoplasms that arise from enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa.
Epidemiology
GNETs account for less than 2% of all gastric neoplasms and up to 10% of all gastrointestinal neuroendocrine...
Article
X-marks-the-spot sign (large bowel volvulus)
The X-marks-the-spot sign of large bowel volvulus refers to the crossing loops of the bowel at the site of the transition. It has been reported to improve diagnostic confidence in detecting cecal and sigmoid volvulus. This is in contrast to the split-wall sign which indicates partial obstruction...
Article
Perineum
The perineum is a diamond-shaped region below the pelvic diaphragm and is divided by an imaginary line drawn between the ischial tuberosities into anteriorly the urogenital triangle and posteriorly the anal triangle.
Gross anatomy
The perineum is bounded by the pubis anteriorly, the ischial tu...
Article
Intraperitoneal organs (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember which organs are intraperitoneal is:
SALTD SPRSS (pronounced 'salted spurs')
Mnemonic
S: stomach
A: appendix
L: liver
T: transverse colon
D: duodenum (first part)
S: small intestines (jejunum and ileum)
P: pancreas (only tail)
R: rectum (upper third)
S: s...
Article
Broad ligament hernia
Broad ligament hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a type of internal hernia in which small bowel passes through a congenital or acquired defect in the broad ligament.
Epidemiology
Broad ligament herniation is very rare and accounts for 4%-7% of all internal hernias 1.
Clinical presenta...
Article
Superior mesenteric artery
The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is one of the three non-paired major splanchnic arteries in the abdominal cavity arising from the abdominal aorta and supplying the midgut; i.e. from mid duodenum to distal transverse colon.
Gross anatomy
Origin
Single vessel arising anteriorly from the ab...
Article
Marginal zone lymphoma
Marginal zone lymphomas are a group of low grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arise from the marginal zone of B cell germinal follicles in lymph nodes. There are three types of marginal zone lymphomas depending on the site of origin, namely mucosa-accosiated lymphoid tissue (MALT), splenic and extr...
Article
Bouveret syndrome
Bouveret syndrome refers to a gastric outlet obstruction secondary to impaction of a gallstone in the pylorus or proximal duodenum. Thus, it can be considered a very proximal form of gallstone ileus.
Clinical presentation
Bouveret syndrome occurs most commonly in elderly women. The presenting...
Article
N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate pulmonary embolism
N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate pulmonary embolism is a potentially life-threatening complication that can arise following the use of the tissue glue, butyl-cyanoacrylate, for endoscopic sclerotherapy to treat variceal bleeding.
Epidemiology
Sclerosis with biological glue (butyl cyanoacrylate) is cons...
Article
Aphthoid ulceration
Aphthoid ulcers are shallow ulcers of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
Pathology
Etiology
infective inflammatory conditions
Yersinia enterocolitis
amoebic enterocolitis
cytomegalovirus enterocolitis
noninfective inflammatory conditions
Crohn disease
idiopathic granulomatous gastritis
vascu...
Article
Gastropleural fistula
A gastropleural fistula is a pathological communication between the stomach and the pleural cavity.
Clinical presentation
Gastropleural fistula usually presents acutely, and may be related to a recent history of surgery. However, depending on the size of the fistula, patients with gastropleura...
Article
Zebra sign (disambiguation)
The evocative appearance of the coat of a zebra has been used for several distinctive signs in radiology:
zebra sign: cerebellar hemorrhage 1
zebra sign: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2
zebra spleen: arterial phase appearance of normal spleen 4,5
zebra stripe sign: treated osteogenesis imper...
Article
Gastrointestinal stents
Gastrointestinal (GI) stents are increasingly used to treat obstruction of the GI tract, most commonly due to malignancy.
Types of stent
esophageal stent
gastric stent
duodenal stent
enteric stent
colorectal stent
History and etymology
Somewhat surprisingly the word 'stent' is actually a...
Article
Saber sign (pneumobilia)
The saber sign refers to a pattern of gas distribution seen in supine abdominal radiographs of patients with pneumobilia. A sword-shaped lucency is apparent in the right paraspinal region of the upper abdomen representing arching gas extending from the common bile duct into the left hepatic duc...
Article
Phlegmonous gastritis
Phlegmonous gastritis, also known as phlegmonitis of the stomach, is an uncommon, life-threatening condition which is due to diffuse infection of the submucosa of the stomach.
Epidemiology
Although the gastric form is the commonest type of phlegmonitis seen in the gastrointestinal tract, it r...
Article
Fundoplication
Fundoplications are forms of antireflux surgery used as a second line of treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease after failure of medical treatment and the first line of treatment of paraesophageal hernia.
Technique
A gastric fold is wrapped around the distal esophagus which enforces the ...
Article
Abdominal trauma
Abdominal trauma is usually divided into blunt and penetrating trauma.
Findings of abdominal trauma
haemoperitoneum
splenic trauma: most common
hepatic trauma
renal trauma
pancreatic trauma
gastrointestinal tract (bowel) trauma:
proximal jejunum is most commonly affected by blunt trauma,...
Article
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (abdominal complications)
Abdominal complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can occur early (0-100 days) or late (>100 days) post-transplant.
Complications
Early
bacterial infections, e.g. pseudomembranous colitis
fungal infections, often affecting the esophagus or as hepatic/splenic microabscesses
...
Article
Mesenteric lipoma
Mesenteric lipomas are uncommon benign fat-containing lesions.
Pathology
Like other lipomas, they are comprised of mature adipocytes.
Radiographic features
Although described on both CT and ultrasound, they are more commonly seen on CT.
Ultrasound
Usually seen as a well-encapsulated, homog...
Article
Esophageal leiomyomatosis
Esophageal leiomyomatosis is rare benign condition.
Epidemiology
It usually presents at childhood. There is a recognized increased female predilection.
Pathology
It is considered a hamartomatous condition and is associated with abnormal diffuse proliferation of smooth muscle fibers in distal...
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