Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Surgical hemostatic material
Surgical hemostatic material is used to control bleeding intraoperatively and is hence frequently intentionally left in the operative bed, not to be confused with a gossypiboma which is caused by foreign material left behind in error. Its use has increased with the advent of minimally invasive s...
Article
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia is an abnormal proliferation of the endometrial glands and stroma, defined as diffuse smooth thickening >10 mm 13. One of the major concerns is the potential malignant transformation to endometrial carcinoma.
Epidemiology
Endometrial hyperplasia affects women of all age...
Article
Metastases to myometrium
Metastases to the myometrium is an uncommon situation but has been occasionally reported with extrauterine cancers such as breast cancer 4 (considered commonest primary site) and colon cancer (e.g. sigmoid colon 3).
Differential diagnosis
Possible differential considerations include
primary ...
Article
Vesicovaginal reflux
Vesicovaginal reflux is a well-known entity rarely encountered by radiologists. It is a behavioral disorder, a type of dysfunctional elimination syndrome commonly encountered in pre-pubertal girls. It is defined as reflux of urine into the vaginal vault either in supine or upright position durin...
Article
Carcinosarcoma of the ovary
Carcinosarcomas of the ovary, previously known as Malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMT) of the ovary, are a rare type of mixed ovarian tumor with both epithelial and stromal components.
Terminology
Carcinosarcomas of the female genital tract were previously known as malignant mixed Müllerian...
Article
Fallopian tube segments (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the order of the five segments of the fallopian tube, from lateral to medial, the direction an ovum would pass following ovulation, is:
Four INches Across IS IMpossible
Four inches (10 cm) is the approximate length of the fallopian tube.
Mnemonic
F: fimbriae
I...
Article
Uterosacral ligament
The paired uterosacral ligaments are one of the supporting structures of the uterus. Uterosacral ligaments are not infrequently affected in cases of deep infiltrating endometriosis.
Gross anatomy
The paired uterosacral ligaments are extraperitoneal structures which extend posteriorly from the ...
Article
Ruptured ovarian cyst
Ruptured ovarian cysts are one of the most common causes of acute pelvic pain in premenopausal women. The sonographic appearance depends on whether a simple or hemorrhagic ovarian cyst ruptures, and whether the cyst has completely collapsed. The most important differential consideration is a rup...
Article
Lymphoma of the uterine cervix
Lymphoma of the uterine cervix is generally uncommon and when it does occur tends to present as cervical involvement with added background multi-organ disease rather than isolated primary cervical lymphoma 1. It is often considered part of the spectrum of uterine lymphoma.
Epidemiology
In the ...
Article
Ian Donald
Ian Donald (1910-1987) was a Scottish obstetrician who pioneered the diagnostic use of ultrasound in medicine.
Early life
Ian Donald was born in Lisgeard, Cornwall, United Kingdom on 27 December 1910 6. His father was a general practitioner. In 1925 his family moved to South Africa where he at...
Article
Adenomyoma
An adenomyoma is a focal region of adenomyosis resulting in a mass, which is difficult to distinguish from a uterine fibroid, although in general the degree to which the contour of the uterus is distorted is less marked in adenomyosis 2. Additionally, the 'mass' is poorly defined and blends with...
Article
MURCS association
MURCS association refers to the combination of:
MU: Müllerian duct aplasia
R: renal aplasia /renal agenesis
CS: cervicothoracic somite dysplasia
See also
Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome
Article
Long umbilical cord
A long umbilical cord has been variably defined. Considering the mean length of the umbilical cord at ~50-70 cm 1, a long cord in absolute terms is usually taken as one that is over 70 cm in length at term 1-3.
Complications
increased incidence of umbilical cord knots
increased incidence of ...
Article
Pelvic lipomatosis
Pelvic lipomatosis or pelvic fibrolipomatosis represents excessive deposition of fat in the pelvis due to overgrowth of adipose cells leading to compression of pelvic organs.
Epidemiology
The condition usually presents in patients 20-50 years of age. The condition is predominantly (~66% of cas...
Article
FIGO staging system
The FIGO staging systems are determined by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique).
In general, there are five stages:
stage 0: carcinoma in situ (common in cervical, vaginal, and vulval cancer)
stage I: confined to...
Article
Pelvic actinomycosis
Pelvic actinomycosis is a rare but serious infection caused by Actinomyces spp., an opportunistic gram-positive bacteria usually introduced by foreign bodies, particularly intra-uterine contraceptive devices, surgery, or trauma. It generally falls under the broader spectrum of pelvic inflammator...
Article
Obstetrics and gynecology imaging for students (curriculum)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Obstetrics and Gynecology imaging for students curriculum represents a core set of common pathologies seen on the wards, in theater and in the emergency O&G patient.
Fundamental to most imaging of the O&G patient is an und...
Article
Pessary
A pessary is a device inserted into the vagina which can either be mechanical or pharmaceutical.
Terminology
Strictly speaking, a pessary only refers to a medical device designed to be placed in the vagina to support the pelvic floor. Therefore, stating vaginal pessary is tautologous, although...
Article
Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis (or uterine adenomyosis) is a common uterine condition of ectopic endometrial tissue in the myometrium, sometimes considered a spectrum of endometriosis. Although most commonly asymptomatic, it may present with menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea.
Pelvic imaging (i.e. ultrasound, MRI) may ...
Article
Angiomyofibroblastoma
Angiomyofibroblastomas are benign mesenchymal neoplasms usually found in the pelvis or perineum, especially the vulva.
Epidemiology
Angiomyofibroblastomas are uncommon tumors predominantly found in adult women usually between menarche and menopause. Approximately 10% of these tumors have been ...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.