Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Infectious mononucleosis
Infectious mononucleosis (also known as glandular fever) is the term for infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The infection classically occurs in teenagers and young adults, hence its popular name kissing disease. It is usually a clinical diagnosis, with confirmation by serum testing, but ma...
Article
Cremaster muscle
The cremaster muscle, a skeletal muscle, is the thin fascial muscle of the spermatic cord. It is also referred to as cremaster fascia or simply the cremaster. Its action is to retract the testes, important in thermoregulation and spermatogenesis.
Gross anatomy
It is derived from the internal ...
Article
Rhabdomyosarcoma (orbit)
Rhabdomyosarcomas of the orbit account for approximately 10-20% of all rhabdomyosarcomas and are usually found in children.
Epidemiology
As with other locations, rhabdomyosarcomas in the orbit are overrepresented in males, and in Caucasians. They typically occur in children below the age of 1...
Article
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia is a form of skeletal dysplasia mainly involving the spine and proximal epiphyses.
Clinical presentation
short neck
short trunk with protruding abdomen
normal IQ
spine
atlantoaxial instability
craniovertebral junction stenosis
platyspondyly
scoliosis
exag...
Article
Non-ossifying fibroma
Non-ossifying fibromas (NOF) are benign and generally self-limiting osteoclastic giant cell-rich bone tumors typically found in the metaphyses of long bones. They are classified as osteoclastic giant cell-rich bone tumors 1,2.
NOFs account for the 'N' in the popular mnemonic for lucent bone les...
Article
Wimberger sign
The Wimberger sign, also called Wimberger corner sign, refers to localized bilateral metaphyseal destruction of the medial proximal tibias. It is a pathognomonic sign of congenital syphilis.
The term must not be mistaken for the Wimberger ring sign seen in scurvy, as both entities are often con...
Article
Embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes
Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) are rare small round blue cell tumor of the central nervous system. They are one of the most aggressive brain tumors usually encountered in children and are WHO grade 4 tumors.
Terminology
Previously embryonal tumors with multilayered rosette...
Article
Radial head dislocation
Radial head dislocation occurs when the radial head is displaced from its normal articulation with the ulna and the humerus.
The dislocation may be acquired or congenital (see the separate article on congenital radial head dislocation). Additionally, radial head dislocation should be distinguis...
Article
Atypical callosal dysgenesis
Atypical callosal dysgenesis is a term used to denote an unusual pattern of dysgenesis of the corpus callosum.
The development of the corpus callosum occurs between the 12th and 16-20th weeks of gestation 2-3. It begins with the genu and then continues posteriorly along the body to the splenium...
Article
Encephalomyosynangiosis
Encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) is an indirect revascularization surgery for moyamoya disease as a way to bypass an occluded internal carotid artery and circle of Willis.
It entails dissecting strips of vascularized temporalis muscle and subjacent galeal flap and, following craniotomy and openin...
Article
Cystic lung lesions (pediatric)
Cystic lesions in pediatric patients are usually congenital lesions and, as such, can be seen antenatally and following delivery.
Pathology
Etiology
Congenital
These congenital lesions are predominantly covered by the overarching diagnosis of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. This is a ...
Article
Canavan disease
Canavan disease, also known as spongiform degeneration of white matter (not to be confused with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) or aspartoacylase deficiency, is a leukodystrophy clinically characterized by megalencephaly, severe mental and neurological deficits, and blindness.
Epidemiology
Canavan...
Article
Pulmonary sequestration (intralobar)
Intralobar pulmonary sequestration (ILS) is a subtype of pulmonary sequestration.
Clinical presentation
Patients usually present before the third decade with recurrent infection.
Pathology
It is the commoner type of pulmonary sequestration (four times commoner than extralobar sequestration)...
Article
Hunter syndrome
Hunter syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare genetic mucopolysaccharidosis disorder characterized by specific clinical features 1.
Epidemiology
Hunter syndrome is an X-linked recessive disease and therefore much more common in males. It is a rare disorder wit...
Article
Flat floor of fourth ventricle sign
The flat floor of fourth ventricle sign is useful in detecting a pontine mass and is a sign of mass effect. The normal floor of the fourth ventricle (remember that the floor is anterior) normally slopes upwards towards the midline, with the facial colliculi visible on either side.
It is a non-...
Article
Mendosal suture
The mendosal suture, also known as the accessory occipital suture, is a normal calvarial suture.
Gross anatomy
The suture extends through the occipital bone, lying superior to the occipitomastoid suture and inferomedial to the lambdoid suture. It closes in utero or in the first few days of lif...
Article
Juvenile recurrent parotitis
Juvenile recurrent parotitis is a form of recurrent inflammatory parotitis occurring in childhood.
Epidemiology
Juvenile recurrent parotitis is considered the second most common cause of parotitis in childhood and commonly begins between 3 and 6 years of age.
Clinical presentation
Multiple ...
Article
Osteopoikilosis
Osteopoikilosis is a sclerosing bony dysplasia characterized by multiple bone islands. It is a rare inherited benign condition incidentally found on skeletal radiographs. Its importance is predominantly in correct diagnosis so that it is not mistaken for pathology.
Epidemiology
The bone island...
Article
Osteofibrous dysplasia
Osteofibrous dysplasia is a benign fibro-osseous cortical lesion that occurs almost exclusively in the tibia and fibula. It is most commonly seen in the mid-diaphysis of the tibia. Some consider it synonymous with ossifying fibroma because of histological similarities, but it is generally consid...
Article
Spleen size (pediatric)
The spleen size varies with a child's age.
The three numbers below represent the 10th percentile, median, and 90th percentile for the long axis of the spleen (cm) 1-3:
0-3 months: (3.3, 4.5, 5.8 cm)
3-6 months: (4.9, 5.3, 6.4 cm)
6-12 months: (5.2, 6.2, 6.8 cm)
1-2 years: (5.4, 6.9, 7.5 cm)...
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