Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is widely used as a surrogate marker of renal function and is mathematically derived from the patient's serum creatinine, using their age, sex and ethnicity. There is some controversy over whether ethnicity should be included in the calculations.
...
Article
Vicarious contrast media excretion
Vicarious contrast media excretion (VCME) refers to the excretion of intravascularly-administered water-soluble iodinated contrast media in a way other than via normal renal excretion. More rarely it may occur following oral contrast medium administration 6.
Epidemiology
The most common vicari...
Article
Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder
A spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder is usually on a background of a pre-existing pathology and is a urological emergency.
For a general discussion of the perforation of the urinary bladder, please refer to the article on urinary bladder rupture.
Epidemiology
Intraperitoneal bladder t...
Article
Ketamine bladder
Ketamine bladder or ketamine bladder syndrome refers to lower urinary tract symptoms associated with long-term ketamine use.
Epidemiology
The presence of lower urinary tract symptoms in long-term ketamine users has been identified to be as high as 90% in some studies 1.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
CT renal mass (protocol)
The renal mass CT protocol is a multiphasic contrast-enhanced examination for the assessment of renal masses. It is most often comprised of a non-contrast, nephrogenic phase and excretory phase. However, this article will cover the optional, corticomedullary phase too.
NB: This article is inten...
Article
Bladder outlet obstruction
Bladder outlet obstruction can arise from a number of conditions affecting the urethra and/or bladder outlet but is most commonly encountered in elderly men due to prostate enlargement.
Clinical presentation
Patients often present with difficulty in urination, retention, and urinary discomfor...
Article
Renal allograft compartment syndrome
Renal allograft compartment syndrome is an uncommon and potentially underdiagnosed condition of early renal transplant dysfunction. It occurs mostly in transplants placed in the extraperitoneal space.
Pathology
The most common placement for a renal transplant has been in the extraperitoneal/r...
Article
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a multisystem thrombotic microangiopathic disease characterized by the triad of renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. It is the most common cause of renal failure in infancy and childhood requiring dialysis.
There are two forms of this syndrom...
Article
Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma
Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinomas (sRCC) may develop when one of the more common histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma degenerates into a sarcoma.
On imaging, they are generally large masses, with irregular contours, and malignant-appearing, but do not have specific imaging features.
Epi...
Article
Unilateral testicular lesions
The differential diagnosis for unilateral testicular lesions is wide-ranging.
Neoplastic
Common
seminoma (40-50% of testicular malignancies)
non-seminomatous germ cell tumors:
testicular teratoma
testicular epidermoid (teratoma with ectodermal elements only)
testicular choriocarcinoma
t...
Article
Renal angiomyolipoma
Renal angiomyolipomas (AML) are a type of benign renal neoplasm encountered both sporadically and as part of a phakomatosis, most commonly tuberous sclerosis. They are considered one of a number of tumors with perivascular epithelioid cellular differentiation (PEComas) and are composed of vascul...
Article
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a heterogeneous group of vascular lesions characterized by idiopathic, non-inflammatory, and non-atherosclerotic angiopathy of small and medium-sized arteries.
Epidemiology
The prevalence is unknown 7. It is most common in young women with a female to male rati...
Article
Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytomas are an uncommon tumor of the adrenal gland, with characteristic clinical, and to a lesser degree, imaging features. The tumors are said to follow a 10% rule:
~10% are extra-adrenal
~10% are bilateral
~10% are malignant
~10% are found in children
~10% are not associated wit...
Article
Malakoplakia
Malakoplakia is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the body but most frequently involves the mucosal surface of the urinary bladder, causing one or more soft yellowish plaques.
Epidemiology
Risk factors include chronic disease and immunosuppression, s...
Article
Hairy kidney sign (Erdheim-Chester disease)
The hairy kidney sign refers to the soft tissue ring of perirenal infiltration seen on cross-sectional imaging studies in Erdheim-Chester disease and is considered to be pathognomonic of this disease. The ‘‘hairy’’ description refers to the associated thickening of the bridging perirenal septa (...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (ureter)
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the ureter, also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the ureter, is uncommon compared to similar tumors elsewhere along the urinary tract but is nonetheless the most common primary tumor of the ureter.
This article concerns itself with transitional cel...
Article
von Hippel-Lindau disease (mnemonic)
Features of von Hippel-Lindau disease can be remembered by the mnemonic:
HIPPEL
Mnemonic:
H: hemangioblastoma of CNS
I: increased risk of renal cell cancer
P: pheochromocytoma
P: pancreatic lesions (cyst, cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma, neuro-endocrine tumors)
E: eye and ear dysfunction ...
Article
Tuberous sclerosis (diagnostic criteria)
The tuberous sclerosis diagnostic criteria have been developed to aid the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis and have been updated in 2012 by the International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Group (at time of writing - 2019) 1.
Diagnosis
Genetic criteria
The identification of either a TSC...
Article
Metallic ureteric stent
Metallic ureteric stents are a type of ureteric stent developed to offer improved symptomatic relief of obstruction when compared to polymeric (polyurethane) stents. They are often used in patients with chronic malignant ureteric obstructions who require placement of long-term ureteral stents to...
Article
Prostatic abscess
Prostatic abscesses are a rare complication of prostatitis.
Epidemiology
Prostatic abscesses have become relatively uncommon due to the increased use of antibiotic therapy in patients with prostatitis. It tends to affect diabetic and immunosuppressed patients. Most patients affected are aroun...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.