Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is not a single compound but a family of fat-soluble vitamins essential for normal blood-clotting function and comprises two vitamers that are found naturally: phytomenadione (also known as phylloquinone or K1) and menaquinone (or K2).
Menaquinone (K2) is synthesized by normal flora i...
Article
Rheumatoid factor
Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an immunoglobulin initially described in association with rheumatoid arthritis. It is an IgM antibody against the FC portion of the IgG antibodies. Ongoing research has identified a group of related immunoglobulins, classed as rheumatoid factors (RFs) and despite extens...
Article
Hematinics
The hematinics are nutrients that are required by the body for erythropoiesis, i.e. the production of red blood cells 1,2.
List of hematinics
Clinically, the most important hematinics are vitamin B12, iron and folic acid because deficiency states of these three substances are much more common ...
Article
Lead
Lead (chemical symbol Pb) is a toxic metallic element with no known biological function in humans.
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Lead is one of the post-transition metals with the atomic number 82 and atomic weight 207.2. It is grayish in color and is pliable, poorly electrically-conducting with ...
Article
Aseptic lymphocyte-dominant vasculitis-associated lesion (ALVAL)
Aseptic lymphocyte-dominant vasculitis-associated lesion (ALVAL) is a histological entity denoting a chronic inflammatory response to metal particles (cobalt and chromium ions) from a metal-on-metal prosthesis. The finding falls on the spectrum of adverse reactions to metal debris.
Pathology
I...
Article
Macroamylasemia
Macroamylasemia is the presence of serum amylase of a large molecular size, seen in both otherwise healthy individuals, and also in various diseases. Amylase seems to be able to self-polymerize and/or form complexes with other blood proteins, e.g. immunoglobulins.
Epidemiology
Macroamylasemia ...
Article
Macrolipasemia
Macrolipasemia is the presence of serum lipase of a large molecular size, seen occasionally in otherwise healthy individuals, but more commonly in various diseases. Lipase is able to self-polymerize and/or form complexes with other blood proteins e.g. immunoglobulins.
Epidemiology
Epidemiologi...
Article
WHO histological classification of tumors of the uterine cervix
The WHO histological classification is a detailed classification of tumors of the uterine cervix.
epithelial tumors
squamous tumors and precursors
squamous cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified - 8070/3
keratinizing - 8071/3
non-keratinizing - 8072/3
basaloid - 8083/3
verrucous - 8051/3...
Article
Lactate dehydrogenase
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is a key enzyme in most cells, catalyzing the reversible conversion of pyruvate to L-lactate. Its contemporaneous main clinical uses are limited primarily to the investigation of hemolysis, serous collections and as a tumor marker.
Physiology
L-lactate dehydro...
Article
Choroidal epithelial cells
Choroidal epithelial cells are one of the three types of ependymal cells, themselves a type of glial cell. They cover the surface of the choroid plexus and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 1.
Article
CA 15-3
CA 15-3 is a tumor marker used in monitoring breast cancer. The test detects levels of MUC-1, a mucin protein in the blood. MUC-1 is thought to be important in the invasiveness and metastasization of cancer cells.
Physiology
Mucin-1 is a normal epithelial cellular glycoprotein localized to the...
Article
Glucagon
Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone central to the regulation of glucose homeostasis, acting as an antagonist to insulin. In imaging, it is used as an antiperistaltic agent in GI studies, although its clinical efficacy is controversial.
Structure
Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide hormone ...
Article
Glial cells
Glial cells, or neuroglia, are cells that surround the neurons of the central nervous system embedded between them, providing both structural and physiological support 1-3. Together they account for almost half of the total mass 1 and 90% of all cells of the central nervous system 3. These numb...
Article
Neuron specific enolase
Neuron specific enolase (NSE) is a cell specific isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme enolase. It is sometimes considered as a tumor marker.
Elevated neuron specific enolase levels have shown to occur in association with:
tumors
small cell lung cancer: up to 70% of patients with small cell lu...
Article
Histology of blood vessels
Blood vessels, namely arteries and veins, are composed of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix (including collagen and elastin). These are arranged into three concentric layers (or tunicae): intima, media and adventitia.
the intima (or tunica intima)
inner layer abut...
Article
Haggitt level
The Haggitt level is a histopathological term used for describing the degree of infiltration from a malignant polypoidal lesion.
Levels of invasion
0: carcinoma in situ or intramucosal carcinoma
1: invasion of the submucosa, but limited to the head of the polyp
2: invasion extending into the...
Article
Kikuchi level
The Kikuchi level is a histopathological term used for describing the degree of infiltration of a sessile early invasive colorectal cancer1. Preoperative assessment of the level of invasion using this classification may decrease the incidence of unnecessary surgery for sessile polyps.
Levels o...
Article
Fracture healing
Fracture healing occurs naturally after traumatic bony disruption. This process begins with hemorrhage and progresses through three stages:
inflammatory
reparative
remodeling
This process can be supported by various treatment options with immobilization a mainstay; inappropriate treatment ma...
Article
Charcot-Leyden crystals
Charcot-Leyden crystals consist of collections of bipyramidal crystalloid made up of eosinophilic membrane proteins, which occur in:
asthma
other eosinophilic lung disease 2
certain cases of sinusitis (e.g. allergic fungal sinusitis)
They may be detected in the sputum or sinus secretions wi...
Article
Elevated vitamin B12 (marker)
Elevated vitamin B12 (also known as hypervitaminosis B12 or hypercobalaminemia) is most important as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for malignant disease 1,3.
Very high serum levels of vitamin B12, following dietary megadosing, does not seem to have any observable deleterious effects 2.
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