Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score
Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score (Exact Sciences, USA) is a proprietary 21-gene expression assay that is prospectively validated and provides prognostic information on the 10-year risk of disease recurrence in estrogen receptor positive, lymph node-negative breast cancer patients 1. This gene...
Article
Axillary view
An axillary view (also known as a "Cleopatra view“) is a type of supplementary mammographic view. It is an exaggerated craniocaudal view for better imaging of the lateral portion of the breast to the axillary tail. This projection is performed whenever we want to show a lesion seen only in the a...
Article
Breast cyst
Breast cysts are a common mammographic and sonographic finding, and can be of different types:
simple breast cyst: typically is a well-defined, anechoic lesion with imperceptible wall and posterior acoustic enhancement 1
complicated breast cyst: contains intracystic echoes or debris with other...
Article
WHO classification of tumors of the breast
The World Health Organizatiοn classification of tumors of the breast is the most widely used pathologic classification system for such disorders. The revision, part of the 4th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2012 and is reflected in the article below 1.
Classification
Epithelial tu...
Article
Snowstorm sign (disambiguation)
Snowstorm sign may refer to:
snowstorm sign: complete hydatiform mole (ultrasound)
snowstorm sign: extracapsular breast implant rupture (ultrasound)
snowstorm sign: thyroid pulmonary metastases (chest radiograph)
Article
Columnar cell change without atypia (breast)
Columnar cell change without atypia breast lesions are characterized by enlarged terminal ductal lobular units lined by columnar epithelial cells which substitute the normal cuboid epithelial layer.
They are also associated with prominent apical cytoplasmic snouts and intraluminal secretions. ...
Article
Mammary myofibroblastoma
Mammary myofibroblastoma is a rare, benign, circumscribed mesenchymal breast tumor.
Epidemiology
It is the only breast tumor that occurs more commonly in males than females 2. It also has a tendency to occur more often in elderly males and postmenopausal women.
Pathology
It arises from the ...
Article
Breast within a breast sign
The breast within a breast sign, also known as cut sausage appearance, refers to the common mammographic appearance of breast hamartomas (fibroadenolipomas). Since these benign lesions are well-circumscribed encapsulated and contain a mixture of fibrous, glandular and fatty tissue (just like nor...
Article
Columnar cell hyperplasia of the breast
Columnar cell hyperplasia is part of the spectrum of columnar cell lesions of the breast characterized by enlarged terminal ductal lobular units lined by stratified (more than two layers) columnar epithelium, cellular crowding or overlapping without atypia.
It can also form tufts or mounds with...
Article
Background parenchymal enhancement (breast MRI)
Background parenchymal enhancement on breast MRI refers to the normal contrast enhancement of fibroglandular tissue.
Epidemiology
Background parenchymal enhancement is more common in younger patients with dense breasts 1,8. Reflecting hormonal influence, background enhancement is decreased aft...
Article
Breast aneurysm
Breast aneurysms are a rarely seen cause of a breast mass.
Pathology
Types
true aneurysm: occurs post trauma and is seen as a slowly enlarging pulsatile mass
false aneurysm / pseudoaneurysm: occurs in acute trauma, post percutaneous biopsy, due to spontaneous hemorrhage secondary to coagulop...
Article
Breast cellulitis
Breast cellulitis is an acute pyogenic inflammatory change involving the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. This can be secondary to any wound, surgery or radiation for breast carcinoma.
Clinical presentation
inflammatory changes such as edema, swelling and redness of the involved breast
no def...
Article
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors including palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are used in patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative (HR+/HER2−) advanced breast cancer. Another CDK inhibitor, trilaciclib, has be...
Article
Breast lymphoma
Breast lymphoma refers to the involvement of the breast with lymphoma and may be primary or secondary.
Epidemiology
Both primary and secondary breast lymphomas are rare. Breast lymphoma accounts for <1% of all breast malignancies and <2% of all extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma 11. Secondary lym...
Article
Keyhole sign (disambiguation)
The keyhole sign may refer to:
keyhole sign (intracapsular breast implant rupture) 1
keyhole sign (posterior urethral valves) 2
keyhole sign (neural exit foramina)
Article
Gynecomastia causes (mnemonic)
Mnemonic for the causes of gynecomastia:
CODES
Mnemonic
C: cirrhosis
O: obesity
D: digoxin
E: estrogen
S: spironolactone
Article
Global asymmetry in breast tissue
Global asymmetry in breast tissue is a form of breast asymmetry where at least one quadrant of a breast has a larger amount of fibroglandular density than the corresponding area in the contralateral breast. There is no mass, suspicious calcification, or architectural distortion.
This can occur ...
Article
Mammary duct ectasia
Mammary duct ectasia is the abnormal widening of one or more breast ducts to greater than 2 mm diameter, or 3 mm at the ampulla. It can be due to benign or malignant processes.
Terminology
Some publications use this term synonymously with periductal mastitis 7 or plasma cell mastitis 10,11, wh...
Article
Breast architectural distortion
Breast architectural distortion is a descriptive term in breast imaging (mammography, ultrasound, and MRI) to indicate that the breast parenchyma is tethered or indented. The finding per se is not a mass.
Pathology
Architectural distortion is often due to a desmoplastic reaction in which there...
Article
Filling defect
A filling defect is a general term used to refer to any abnormality on an imaging study which disrupts the normal opacification (filling) of a cavity or lumen. The opacification maybe physiological, for example, bile in the gallbladder or blood in a dural venous sinus, or maybe due to the instal...
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