Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Pulmonary infarction
Pulmonary infarction is one of the key complications of pulmonary embolism (PE).
Epidemiology
Pulmonary infarction occurs in the minority (10-15%) of patients with PE 1. Although in a necropsy study of those with lethal PE, 60% of cases developed infarction 2.
Historically it was thought tha...
Article
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (an approach on HRCT chest)
This approach to HRCT chest in patients with suspected idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) is with the aim to:
make sure an appropriate study is requested, i.e. HRCT chest with optimal individually adjusted protocol and ensure adequacy of the HRCT chest quality (see imaging protocol below)
...
Article
Lambda sign (disambiguation)
There are two described lambda (λ) signs:
lambda sign (twin pregnancy)
lambda sign (sarcoidosis)
Article
Thoracic actinomycosis infection
Thoracic actinomycosis refers to an uncommon indolent infection caused principally by the genus Actinomyces (higher prokaryotic bacteria belonging to the family Actinomyceataceae).
Epidemiology
While it is rare in general, the thoracic form actinomycosis constitutes ∼15% of the total burden of...
Article
WHO classification of thymic tumors
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the thymus is a component of the WHO classification of thoracic tumors, which was published in its 5th edition in 2021 1. It is a pathological classification of thymic epithelial tumors, including thymomas, thymic carcinomas, and ne...
Article
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a subset of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage when bleeding is diffuse and directly into the alveolar spaces. It can occur in a vast number of clinical situations and can be life-threatening.
Pathology
Blood tends to fill alveolar spaces at multiple sites.
Etio...
Article
Left heart failure
Left heart failure or left ventricular failure is the type of heart failure attributed to left ventricular dysfunction. When the left ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively out of the heart, pulmonary edema develops. Congestion can progress to right heart failure, with manifestations such...
Article
Pulmonary candidiasis
Pulmonary candidiasis is a form of pulmonary fungal infection and refers to an opportunistic infection of the lung with the fungus Candida albicans. This organism is part of the normal human microbial flora of the oral cavity. Most patients with pulmonary candidiasis tend to have widespread syst...
Article
Cervicothoracic sign
The cervicothoracic sign is a variation of the silhouette sign on frontal chest radiography used to determine whether a superior (para)mediastinal soft tissue mass is anterior or posterior to the trachea.
A positive cervicothoracic sign occurs when a thoracic lesion contacts the neck or extends...
Article
Hydatid cyst signs
There are numerous named imaging signs of hydatid cysts in echinococcal infection. There is considerable variability in the naming and definition of many of the signs in the literature. In general, the signs demonstrate the presence of laminated cyst membranes in various morphologies within a la...
Article
Systematic chest radiograph assessment (approach)
One approach to a systematic chest radiograph assessment is as follows:
projection
assessment of the technical adequacy
tubes and lines
cardiomediastinal contours
hila
airways, lungs and pleura
bones and soft tissue
review areas
Following a systematic approach on every chest radiograph ...
Article
Lines and tubes: neonatal (chest radiograph)
Neonatal lines and tubes are widely used in the NICU (neonatal intensive care unit) in the management of critically ill neonates. Examples include:
nasogastric (NG) tube
endotracheal (ET) tube
central venous line
umbilical artery catheter
umbilical vein catheter
Nasogastric tube
The NG tu...
Article
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a spectrum of obstructive airway diseases. It includes two key components which are chronic bronchitis-small airways disease and emphysema.
Epidemiology
The most common cause has historically been (and unfortunately continues to be) ciga...
Article
V/Q scan
V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) scan is a scintigraphic examination of the lung that evaluates pulmonary vasculature perfusion and segmental bronchoalveolar tree ventilation.
Indications
diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism, particularly in patients with a contraindication to CTPA (e.g. iodin...
Article
Rosai-Dorfman disease
Rosai-Dorfman disease, also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy or Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease, is a rare benign idiopathic proliferative disease that involves phagocytic histiocytes.
Epidemiology
The disease predominantly occurs in young adults with a mean age at pre...
Article
Elevated diaphragm
Elevated diaphragm refers to the symmetrical elevation of both domes of the diaphragm.
Pathology
Etiology
There is some overlap with causes of an elevated hemidiaphragm.
Technical
supine position
poor inspiratory effort
Patient factors
obesity
pregnancy
Diaphragmatic pathology
paral...
Article
Diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide
Diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (often abbreviated as DLCO) is a measure that determines how much oxygen travels from the alveoli of the lungs to the bloodstream. It is an index of the surface area available for gas exchange. In some situations is also used synonymously with ...
Article
Acute coronary syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of cardiac diagnoses along a spectrum of severity due to the interruption of coronary blood flow to the myocardium, which in decreasing severity are:
ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
unstable an...
Article
Signs of pulmonary embolus on chest radiography
There are several described signs of pulmonary embolus on chest radiography which are suggestive of this diagnosis. None are pathognomonic and need to be interpreted with caution with close regard to the clinical presentation.
Chang sign
Fleischner sign
Hampton hump (strictly a sign of pulmon...
Article
Esophageal stricture
Esophageal stricture refers to any persistent intrinsic narrowing of the esophagus.
Terminology
The term peptic stricture refers specifically to those benign esophageal strictures caused by chronic acid reflux, although some - incorrectly - use it more loosely to refer to any benign esophagea...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.