Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Rhabdomyosarcomas (biliary tract)
Rhabdomyosarcomas of the biliary tract are rare tumors, usually identified in children, with a very poor prognosis. They are usually grouped under botryoid rhabdomyosarcomas.
For a general discussion of this type of tumor, please refer to the article on rhabdomyosarcomas.
Epidemiology
Rhabdom...
Article
Hepatic peliosis
Hepatic peliosis is a rare benign vascular condition characterized by dilatation of sinusoidal blood-filled spaces within the liver. There may be involvement of other organs, most commonly the spleen and bone marrow. It can be seen in a variety of settings and is important as appearances may mim...
Article
Chronic pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis represents the end result of a continuous, prolonged, inflammatory, and fibrosing process that affects the pancreas. This results in irreversible morphologic changes and permanent endocrine and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction.
Epidemiology
The most common cause of chronic ...
Article
Hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor
Hepatic inflammatory pseudotumors (IPT), also known as xanthogranulomas or plasma cell granulomas of the liver, are rare benign hepatic lesions.
Epidemiology
Most common in young adults with males affected more than females 7.
Associations
recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
Pathology
The etio...
Article
Pancreas transplant
A pancreas transplant is a major surgical procedure in which a donor pancreas is transplanted into a recipient. The donor pancreas is typically cadaveric, but may rarely be a segment from a living donor 1. The transplant is meant to establish normoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus, typ...
Article
Bright dot sign (atypical liver hemangioma)
The bright dot sign refers to the presence of a bright dot within a lesion which remains hypoattenuating on arterial and portal venous phase CT, corresponding to early nodular enhancement seen on dynamic MRI of liver hemangioma.
This can be used as an indicator that the lesion in question is a...
Article
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), often referred to simply as diabetes, is a group of metabolic conditions characterized by hyperglycemia.
These conditions should not be confused with diabetes insipidus which is clinically distinct and not related to hyperglycemia.
Terminology
If a patient with diabet...
Article
Gallbladder inflammatory polyps
Gallbladder inflammatory polyps are a benign subtype of gallbladder polyps, representing ~10% of all polyps. They appear as a result of chronic inflammation (chronic cholecystitis).
For further details, please refer to the parental article on gallbladder polyps.
Pathology
Gallbladder inflam...
Article
Hepatic hydatid infection
Hepatic hydatid disease is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the Echinococcus tapeworm. In the liver, two species are most commonly recognized as causing disease in humans:
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularis
For a general discussion, and links to other system-specific manifestat...
Article
Atresia
Atresia (plural: atresias) refers to a situation where there is absence, underdevelopment or abnormal closure, of a normal anatomical tubular structure or opening.
Contrast this with agenesis which refers to the complete absence of any anatomical structure including its primordial precursors.
...
Article
Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (MF-ICC), also referred as peripheral cholangiocarcinomas, comprise one of the three recognized growth patterns of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas.
On imaging, these tumors usually present as large and relatively well-defined hepatic masses with l...
Article
Hemorrhagic pancreatitis
Hemorrhagic pancreatitis is characterized by bleeding within or around the pancreas, and is usually considered a late sequela of acute pancreatitis.
Pathology
Hemorrhage can occur in patients with severe necrotizing pancreatitis or as a result of pancreatic pseudoaneurysm rupture when it const...
Article
Thoracic splanchnic nerves
The thoracic splanchnic nerves are three paired autonomic nerves that provide sympathetic innervation of the abdominopelvic viscera and vessels. They contain efferent and afferent fibers.
Gross anatomy
Three pairs of thoracic splanchnic nerves arise from the T5 to T12 sympathetic ganglia.
Gre...
Article
Quincke triad
Quincke triad is the finding of jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. This sign is seen in patients with hemobilia secondary to a hepatic artery aneurysm.
History and etymology
Heinrich Quincke (1842–1922) was a German surgeon and internal medicine specialis...
Article
Hepatofugal
Hepatofugal or non-forward portal flow (NFPF) is an abnormal flow pattern in which the portal venous flow is from the periphery of the liver towards the porta hepatis and backwards along the portal vein. This phenomenon is not uncommon in patients with liver disease 3.
It is the opposite of hep...
Article
Cirrhosis (CNS manifestations)
There are several central nervous system complications that can arise in the setting of cirrhosis, which can be classified as those which are general (essentially hepatic encephalopathy) and those that are specific to the cause of cirrhosis.
General manifestations
The major manifestation is he...
Article
Hepatic angiosarcoma
Hepatic angiosarcoma is a rare malignancy, but is still the third most common primary liver tumor. They have a variable appearance on both CT and MRI, reflecting the pleomorphic histological nature. Prognosis is very poor, with survival uncommon beyond one year from diagnosis.
Terminology
Hep...
Article
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is an autosomal codominant genetic disorder that increases the risk of respiratory and hepatic disease.
Epidemiology
The estimated prevalence is 1 in ~2000 (range 2000-4000) individuals with European ancestry 30 and is considered the most common genetic pop...
Article
Generalized reduced hepatic echogenicity
Causes of generalized reduction of liver echogenicity on ultrasound include:
acute hepatitis
diffuse malignant infiltration
See also
generalized increase in liver echogenicity
hepatic attenuation on CT
Article
Amylase
Amylase is widely employed as a marker of acute pancreatitis and a significant elevation is diagnostic.
Physiology
α-amylase is a digestive enzyme that is predominantly secreted by the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas. It is also secreted by the salivary glands. Pancreatic amylase is enco...
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