Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Masaoka staging system of thymoma
The Masaoka staging system is commonly adopted for thymomas 1-3, and is the most important determinant of survival following surgical resection 4:
stage I: intact thymic capsule
stage II: capsular invasion into adjacent mediastinal fat or pleura
stage III: macroscopic invasion into adjacent o...
Article
Calcifying fibrous tumor
Calcifying fibrous tumors, previously known as calcifying fibrous pseudotumors, are rare, benign fibroblastic tumors of the soft tissues.
Epidemiology
It can occur at all ages and there is no strong gender predilection 1. Fewer than 200 cases have been reported in the English literature 1.
Cl...
Article
Diabetic mastopathy
Diabetic mastopathy is a condition characterized by the presence of a benign tumor like breast masses in women with long-standing type 1 or type 2 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The condition has also been reported in men.
Clinical presentation
Diabetic mastopathy manifests clinically as...
Article
von Hippel-Lindau disease (mnemonic)
Features of von Hippel-Lindau disease can be remembered by the mnemonic:
HIPPEL
Mnemonic:
H: hemangioblastoma of CNS
I: increased risk of renal cell cancer
P: pheochromocytoma
P: pancreatic lesions (cyst, cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma, neuro-endocrine tumors)
E: eye and ear dysfunction ...
Article
Lollipop sign (hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma)
The lollipop sign is seen in hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE). It represents hepatic/portal vein and/or their tributaries/branches tapering and terminating at or just within the edge of a well defined peripherally enhancing (or non-enhancing) lesion with an avascular core on CT or...
Article
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a relatively new treatment for certain cancers which result in immune system-mediated destruction of tumor cells.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors act through a unique mechanism of action when compared with those of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. They c...
Article
Gastric metastases
Gastric metastases are rare, found in less than 2% of patients who die of a carcinoma 6.
Epidemiology
Usually affects the middle-aged and elderly population. Affects males and females equally without predilection.
Clinical presentation
The patient may be asymptomatic, but the most common sig...
Article
Pyrexia of unknown origin
A pyrexia of unknown origin, commonly shortened to PUO, and also known as a fever of unknown origin (FUO), was originally defined in 1961 as the condition in which the core body temperature is >38.3oC for a period of three weeks or more, with no diagnosis reached after one week of inpatient inve...
Article
Raccoon eyes sign (base of skull fracture)
Raccoon eyes sign (or panda eyes in the UK and Ireland) refers to periorbital ecchymosis with sparing of the tarsal plate 3 and is a physical examination finding indicative of a base of skull fracture of the anterior cranial fossa.
However it is not pathognomonic for trauma, and there are sever...
Article
Thoracic lymph node stations
Thoracic lymph nodes are divided into 14 stations as defined by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) 1, principally in the context of oncologic staging. For the purpose of prognostication, the stations may be grouped into seven zones. The IASLC definitions leave so...
Article
DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that encodes the genetic information (genome) necessary for RNA (ribonucleic acid) transcription (transcriptome) and protein synthesis (proteome) 1. It is contained in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells in the form of chromatin or chromosomes 7,8.
Mole...
Article
Lytic bone metastases
Lytic bone (osteolytic) metastases are distant tumor deposits of a primary tumor within bone characterized by a loss of bone with the destruction of the bone matrix.
Epidemiology
Lytic bone metastases are more common than sclerotic bone metastases.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is usually establis...
Article
Trousseau syndrome
Trousseau syndrome is an inconsistently defined entity which broadly represents the association between thromboembolism and malignancy, often prior to or concomitantly with the diagnosis of the underlying malignancy 1.
The syndrome has been variably defined to include entities such as migratory...
Article
Bone tumors (overview)
There are a bewildering number of bone tumors with a wide variety of radiological appearances. For a formal and updated classification of bone tumors, see WHO classification of tumors of bone.
bone-forming tumors
osteoma
osteoid osteoma
osteoblastoma
osteosarcoma
cartilage-forming tumors
...
Article
CIC-rearranged sarcoma
CIC-rearranged sarcomas or CIC-DUX4 sarcomas are aggressive undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas with CIC-gene fusions most frequently CIC-DUX4. It is an ultra-rare high grade undifferentiated sarcoma, distinct in terms of clinical presentations and molecular characteristics 6.
Epidemiolo...
Article
Pion therapy
Pion therapy is a form of particle therapy employing pions. Pions, or to give them their full name, negatively-charged pi mesons (π-), are a type of meson. Pion therapy is not used as a treatment modality due to its great expense and lack of clinical efficacy 1,2.
Article
Sézary syndrome
Sézary syndrome (SS) is a type of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Clinical presentation
It is clinically characterized by an extensive erythematous rash covering most of the body as well as the presence of malignant lymphocytes in the blood.
History and etymology
It is named after Albert...
Article
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer ranks as the most common primary malignant tumor in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is by far the most common histological type and is the primary focus of this article.
Terminology
The aim of prostate MRI is to det...
Article
Inverted papilloma
Inverted papillomas are a type of Schneiderian papilloma, representing an uncommon non-cancerous sinonasal tumor that mostly affects middle-aged men. They may rarely undergo malignant transformation, most commonly into squamous cell carcinoma. On imaging, they classically demonstrate a convolute...
Article
Spiculated periosteal reaction
Spiculated periosteal reaction represents spicules of new bone-forming along vascular channels and the fibrous bands that anchor periosteum to bone (Sharpey fibers).
Pathology
A spiculated periosteal reaction signifies a rapid underlying process that prevents the formation of new bone under th...
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