Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Spleen size (pediatric)
The spleen size varies with a child's age.
The three numbers below represent the 10th percentile, median, and 90th percentile for the long axis of the spleen (cm) 1-3:
0-3 months: (3.3, 4.5, 5.8 cm)
3-6 months: (4.9, 5.3, 6.4 cm)
6-12 months: (5.2, 6.2, 6.8 cm)
1-2 years: (5.4, 6.9, 7.5 cm)...
Article
Leukodystrophies
Leukodystrophies are a heterogeneous group of disorders that primarily affect the white matter of the central nervous system. They are particularly encountered in childhood as many are genetically determined and represent abnormalities in white matter metabolism. A number of leukodystrophies can...
Article
Parkes Weber syndrome
Parkes Weber syndrome or less commonly F P Weber syndrome is a traditional eponymous denomination of a certain type of angiodysplasia, that would nowadays rather be called a mixed hemolymphatic congenital vascular malformation (CVM) with arteriovenous (AV) shunting, based on the Hamburg classifi...
Article
Dacryocystocele
Dacryocystoceles are caused by obstruction of both the proximal and distal ends of the nasolacrimal duct. An imperforate Hasner valve causes the distal blockage, but the cause of proximal obstruction is less clearly understood but the Rosenmuller valve has been implicated.
Epidemiology
Dacryo...
Article
Herpes simplex encephalitis
Herpes simplex (HSV) encephalitis is the most common cause of fatal sporadic fulminant necrotizing viral encephalitis and has characteristic imaging findings.
Two subtypes are recognized which differ in demographics, virus, and pattern of involvement. They are 1:
neonatal herpes encephalitis
...
Article
J-shaped sella
A J-shaped sella is a variant morphology of the sella turcica, whereby the tuberculum sellae is flattened, thus forming the straight edge of the "J". The dorsum sellae remains rounded and forms the loop of the "J".
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis for a J-shaped sella includes 1,2...
Article
Astroblastoma, MN1-altered
Astroblastomas are rare glial tumors usually found in the cerebral hemispheres of young adults and children.
Terminology
The exact nature of astroblastomas remains to be fully elucidated. Tumors with compatible histological features have a variety of molecular characteristics and overlap with...
Article
Congenital talipes equinovarus
Congenital talipes equinovarus is considered the most common anomaly affecting the feet diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound.
Terminology
While some use talipes equinovarus and clubfoot synonymously, in certain publications, the term clubfoot is considered a more general descriptive term that des...
Article
Complications of radiation therapy
Radiation therapy has the potential to cause complications in many organ systems, many of which, especially in the thorax, are important for radiologists to be aware of.
acute radiation syndrome
complications of cranial radiation therapy
radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy
radiation-ind...
Article
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a multisystem thrombotic microangiopathic disease characterized by the triad of renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. It is the most common cause of renal failure in infancy and childhood requiring dialysis.
There are two forms of this syndrom...
Article
Chiari I malformation
Chiari I (Chiari 1) malformation is the most common variant of the Chiari malformations and is characterized by a caudal descent of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. Symptoms are generally proportional to the degree of descent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice. Treatment wi...
Article
Salter-Harris type I fracture
Salter-Harris type I fractures are relatively uncommon injuries that occur in children. Salter-Harris fractures are injuries where a fracture of the metaphysis or epiphysis extends through the physis. Not all fractures that extend to the growth plate are Salter-Harris fractures.
Radiographic fe...
Article
Upper limb radiography (pediatric)
Upper limb radiography involves plain film imaging of the shoulder, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals and carpal bones in pediatric patients. Depending on the patients' age, the difficulty of the examination will vary, often requiring a specialist trained radiographer familiar with a variety of...
Article
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease, also known as Sinding-Larsen disease or Larsen-Johansson syndrome, affects the proximal end of the patellar tendon as it inserts into the inferior pole of the patella. It represents a chronic traction injury of the immature osteotendinous junction. It is a close...
Article
SAPHO syndrome
The SAPHO syndrome is an acronym that refers to a rare syndrome that is manifested by a combined occurrence of 2:
S: synovitis
A: acne
P: pustulosis
H: hyperostosis
O: osteitis
Epidemiology
SAPHO classically tends to present in young to middle-aged adults. Presentation in the pediatric po...
Article
Isolated greater trochanteric fracture
Isolated greater trochanteric fractures most commonly result from forceful muscle contraction of a fixed limb, which usually occurs in those who are young and physically active.
Epidemiology
Isolated trochanteric fractures are more common in young, active males, usually between the ages of 14 ...
Article
Abdomen radiograph (pediatric)
The abdomen radiograph is a commonly requested examination in the pediatric patient. Children that present for abdominal x-rays are often very unwell, therefore specialized techniques and appropriate communication are essential for gaining the child's cooperation.
Indications
Performing abdom...
Article
Forearm fracture
Forearm fractures are a group of fractures that occur in the forearm following trauma. The radius and ulna are bound together at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints and act as a ring. Like elsewhere in the body, it is difficult to only fracture one bone if there is a bony ring. If the radi...
Article
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that is characterized by a predisposition to having epileptic seizures and can take many clinical forms and have many potential etiologies.
Epilepsy is defined by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) as 1:
at least two or more unprovoked (...
Article
Köhler disease
Köhler disease is an eponymous term referring to childhood-onset osteonecrosis of the navicular in the foot. Müller-Weiss syndrome is the adult counterpart of navicular osteonecrosis 4,5.
Epidemiology
Köhler disease typically presents in the pediatric population (4-6 years of age) and there is...
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