Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Chromium
Chromium (chemical symbol Cr) has been categorized previously as one of the trace elements, and has been said to be important for glucose homeostasis, but this is now contentious (see below).
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Chromium has the atomic number 24 with an atomic weight of 51.9961 g/mol. L...
Article
Neurofibrillary tangles
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are abnormal cytoplasmic accumulations of tau proteins, found in neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system. They are responsible for a number of neurodegenerative diseases (collectively known as tauopathies) including 1:
progressive supranuclear palsy...
Article
Neuron
Neurons are cells of the central nervous system, located within the grey matter, and responsible for all neurological functions of the brain.
Structure
Neurons vary in morphology and size substantially, but all share a number of features 1:
a cell body
nucleus
perikaryon: cytoplasm surroun...
Article
Placode
Placode (or neural placode) refers in terms of radiology to a segment of non-neurulated neural tissue, which has had development frozen in the neural plate stage. A placode can be found in all open spinal dysraphisms and in some closed spinal dysraphisms. In the former, the placode is exposed to...
Article
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (plural: apoptoses), also known as programmed cell death (PCD) is a term to describe the process of regulated cell death. This is in contrast to necrosis, which is unregulated cell death often secondary to external factors 1.
Apoptosis occurs in cells which are destined to die by acti...
Article
Primary lung tumors in children
Pediatric primary lung tumors are rare in children however they must be distinguished from locally aggressive inflammatory conditions and benign disease. 1
Primary lung tumors in the neonates and infants include:
pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB)
infantile fibrosarcoma of the lung
fetal lung in...
Article
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a heterogenous class of IgG autoantibodies raised against the cellular contents of neutrophils, monocytes and endothelial cells 1. Under indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) microscopy, three ANCA staining patterns are observed, based on the varying...
Article
Basic organic elements
The basic organic elements are those chemical elements that are fundamental to life and are constituents of every or almost every organic molecule, and therefore all life known on earth.
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
Article
Ependymocytes
Ependymocytes are one of the three types of ependymal cells, which in turn are one of the four principles types of glial cells, and are found lining the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord 1.
They do not form a water-tight barrier between the cerebrospinal ...
Article
Synchronous (pathology)
The term synchronous is used in oncology to refer to two (or more) independent primary malignancies, when the second (or third, etc.) malignancy arose within six months of the diagnosis of the first malignancy 1,2. These may be in the same, or in different, organs.
See also
metachronous
multi...
Article
Metachronous (pathology)
The term metachronous is used in oncology to refer to two (or more) independent primary malignancies, when the second (or third, etc.) malignancy arose more than six months after the diagnosis of the first malignancy 1,2. These may be in the same, or in different, organs.
See also
synchronous
...
Article
Gram stain
The Gram stain (or Gram method) is a key microbiological method for staining bacteria. The process relies upon two stains, the first, a complex of crystal violet and iodine, and the second, safranin, a red counterstain. The staining procedure subdivides bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negat...
Article
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a non-specific marker of acute inflammation which is seen in a very wide spectrum of pathologies. It has been sidelined by the use of C-reactive protein and other acute phase markers but it still has an important role to play in the management of some cond...
Article
Iodine
Iodine (chemical symbol I) is one of the trace elements. Its biological importance is its central place in the physiology of the thyroid gland and, in radiology, as the key chemical constituent of most of the radiographic, fluoroscopic, and CT contrast media.
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Iodine ...
Article
Selenium
Selenium (chemical symbol Se) is one of the trace elements. It has a vital role in the metabolism of the thyroid hormones and for the functioning of several important enzymes.
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Selenium has the atomic number 34 with an atomic weight of 78.96 g/mol. It is a non-metal a...
Article
Corpora amylacea
The corpora amylacea ("bodies of starch") are a histologic finding, encountered more frequently in the brain, prostate, lung, and uterus. The corpora amylacea are thought to be sulfated glycosaminoglycans 1. Some have described it as a localized amyloidosis 2.
In the prostate they appear to ar...
Article
Antinuclear antibody
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are a heterogenous class of autoantibodies raised against antigens present in the cell nucleus, including nucleic acids themselves and the enzymes involved in their processing. Under indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) microscopy, four major ANA staining patterns are ...
Article
Staghorn pattern of vascularity
The staghorn pattern of vascularity is a pathological term describing a pattern of vascularity seen on low-power light microscopy. It is defined by multiple thin-walled, sharply-branched and jagged vessels having an "antler-like" or "staghorn-like" appearance 1.
It is classically described with...
Article
Pulmonary Acinetobacter infection
Pulmonary Acinetobacter infection refers to pulmonary infection with Acinetobacter species of which Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-A baumannii complex accounts for a considerable proportion.
Pulmonary infection with this organism can cause hospital-acquired pneumonia (especially the late onset typ...
Article
Micrometastasis
Micrometastases are defined by the UICC TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors as conglomerations of tumor cells measuring between 0.2 mm and 2 mm in size. Clusters of cells sized less than 0.2 mm in maximal dimension are termed isolated tumor cells (ITCs). Tumor clusters measuring larger than 2...
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