Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
CT renal mass (protocol)
The renal mass CT protocol is a multiphasic contrast-enhanced examination for the assessment of renal masses. It is most often comprised of a non-contrast, nephrogenic phase and excretory phase. However, this article will cover the optional, corticomedullary phase too.
NB: This article is inten...
Article
Nephrogenic phase
The nephrogenic phase, also known as the nephrographic phase or the renal parenchymal phase, is a postcontrast injection time range in which there is an optimal enhancement of the renal parenchyma including the medulla.
Technique
The acquisition time depends on the intravenous device (central ...
Article
Acute appendicitis
Acute appendicitis is an acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. It is a very common condition in general radiology practice and is one of the main reasons for abdominal surgery in young patients. CT is the most sensitive modality to detect appendicitis.
Terminology
Acute appendicitis (p...
Article
Ventriculoatrial shunt
Ventriculoatrial shunting is an alternative option for the diversion of CSF and relief of hydrocephalus. In this technique, the distal catheter is placed in the right atrium or even in the superior vena cava 1,2.
It is not the only alternative for the traditional ventriculoperitoneal shunt, an...
Article
Ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy refers to the implantation of a fertilised ovum outside of the uterine cavity.
Epidemiology
The overall incidence has increased over the last few decades and is thought to affect 1-2% of pregnancies. The risk is as high as 18% for first-trimester pregnancies with bleeding 15....
Article
Ascending aorta dilatation
Dilatation of the ascending aorta is a common finding in the elderly but unusual in younger patients.
Pathology
In adults, an ascending aortic diameter greater than 4 cm is considered to indicate dilatation 4. Aneurysmal dilatation is considered when the ascending aortic diameter reaches or ex...
Article
Penile implant
Penile implants are surgically placed devices to assist with erectile dysfunction. The device is comprised of either two malleable rods or inflatable components inserted in the penile shaft with or without a pump/reservoir located in the scrotum or pelvis.
Types
semirigid or malleable penile p...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (I)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter I and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q...
Article
Oroantral fistula
Oroantral fistulas are a pathological communication between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus (antrum).
Terminology
The term oroantral fistula is similar to but not synonymous with the term oroantral communication (OAC). An oro-antral fistula refers to an "epithelialized" pathological un...
Article
Late arterial phase
The late arterial phase, also known as the corticomedullary phase or early venous portal phase, is a contrast-enhanced CT or MRI series, in which there is an optimal enhancement of structures that get their blood supply directly from the arterial system.
The standard characteristics for this ph...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (M)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter M and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...
Article
Renal cyst
Renal cyst is a generic term commonly used to describe any predominantly cystic renal lesion. Most parenchymal cystic lesions represent benign epithelial cysts; however, malignancies, such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC), may also present as cystic lesions 8.
Terminology
Renal cyst is a catch-al...
Article
Acquired cystic kidney disease
Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) is a condition that occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), especially when on dialysis treatment. They do not have a history of other cystic renal disease.
Epidemiology
Its incidence increases with the amount of time a patient is azotemic...
Article
Obturator artery
The obturator artery is a branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. It provides vascular supply within the pelvis and medial lower limb.
Summary
origin: anterior division of the internal iliac artery
location: pelvis and lower limb
supply: pelvic muscles, ilium, head of ...
Article
Acoustic enhancement
Acoustic enhancement also called posterior enhancement or enhanced through transmission, refers to the increased echoes deep to structures that transmit sound exceptionally well 1.
This is characteristic of fluid-filled structures such as cysts, the urinary bladder and the gallbladder. For a 1 ...
Article
Intercostal lung hernia
An intercostal lung hernia is a form of lung herniation and is defined as a protrusion of pulmonary tissue and pleural membranes beyond the confines of the thoracic cavity through an intercostal defect/opening in the chest wall.
Epidemiology
Intercostal lung herniations are considered the com...
Article
Multinodular goiter
Multinodular goiter (MNG) is defined as an enlarged thyroid gland (i.e. goiter) due to multiple nodules which may have normal, decreased or increased function.
Terminology
When increased activity and hyperthyroidism are present then the condition is referred to as a toxic multinodular goiter ...
Article
Deep brain stimulation
Deep brain stimulation is used in a variety of clinical settings, predominantly in patients with poorly controlled movement disorders. Although effective, its exact mode of function continues to be poorly understood 2.
Careful patient selection and target selection are essential if the proced...
Article
POLG-related disorders
POLG-related disorders, or polymerase gamma-related disorders, describes a spectrum of genetic mitochondrial disorders with overlapping phenotypes, due to nuclear mutations in POLG1 or POLG2.
The four main POLG-related disorders are:
Alpers syndrome
ataxia neuropathy spectrum (ANS)
progressi...
Article
Lhermitte sign (spinal cord)
Lhermitte sign or the barber chair phenomenon is an electrical shock sensation running down the spine and into the limbs upon neck flexion. It suggests pathology of the upper cervical spinal cord and/or brainstem.
Pathology
It is typically seen with multiple sclerosis but is also associated wi...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.