Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Lipoma
Lipomas are benign tumors composed of mature adipocytes. They are the most common soft tissue tumor, seen in ~2% of the population.
Epidemiology
Patients typically present in adulthood (5th-7th decades).
Associations
In some cases, multiple lipomas are associated with syndromes and other di...
Article
Lamina papyracea dehiscence
Dehiscence of the lamina papyracea is an anomaly of the paranasal sinuses represented by a defect of the medial orbital wall. It is thought to be a benign congenital variant of no clinical significance.
Clinical presentation
Almost all patients tend to be asymptomatic, according to one study 2...
Article
Intra-ocular silicone oil
Intra-ocular silicone oil has been used as a vitreous replacement and for internal tamponade of complex retinal detachments.
Some reported side effects include glaucoma and corneal decompensation 1.
Radiographic features
CT
Hyperattenuating on unenhanced CT with a reported average CT unit va...
Article
Postoperative assessment after thyroid cancer surgery
Postoperative assessment after thyroid cancer surgery is performed in the surgical bed and regional lymph nodes, looking for possible recurrence of disease.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
usually performed in first 6-12 months, and then as needed by the patient's risk factors 1
suspicious ...
Article
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a non-caseating granulomatous multisystem disease with a wide range of clinical and radiographic manifestations.
Individual systemic manifestations are discussed in respective articles:
pulmonary and mediastinal manifestations
cardiac manifestations
musculoskeletal manifest...
Article
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are the most common histologic type of head and neck cancer. While the term may include any squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, common usage focuses on those of mucosal origin, i.e., squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract...
Article
Subglottic stenosis
Subglottic stenosis is a condition characterized by narrowing of the subglottic airway (region below the vocal cords). It can be congenital or acquired 1.
Epidemiology
Subglottic stenosis is the third most common congenital airway abnormality. The incidence of subglottic stenosis has decreased...
Article
Dental fracture
Dental fractures are often clinically apparent but can be overlooked in cases with associated facial fractures, especially as root fractures may be clinically occult.
Terminology
When both a tooth and alveolar process are fractured, the term dentoalveolar fracture may be used 1.
Pathology
...
Article
Scleritis
Scleritis refers to inflammation of the sclera. It has a wide range of causes.
Epidemiology
It can affect any age group but usually those between ages 30 and 50 years. There is a recognized increased female predilection (F:M of ~2:1).
Associations
Scleritis can be associated with systemic in...
Article
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction is characterized by an abnormal relationship between the disc and the adjacent articular surfaces (condyle below with mandibular fossa and articular eminence above).
Epidemiology
TMJ dysfunction is far more common in women (F:M 8:1).
Clinical present...
Article
Carotid artery tortuosity
Carotid artery tortuosity is the elongation of the extracranial carotid arteries with redundancy and/or altered course, which may present on imaging as kinking, coiling, and/or looping 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Carotid artery tortuosity is mostly (~80%) asymptomatic. When symptomatic (~12.5%,...
Article
Cervical plexus
The cervical plexus is formed by the ventral (anterior) rami of the C1 to C5 nerve roots and innervates the diaphragm, provides motor supply to some neck muscles and cutaneous sensation to the skin of the head, neck, and chest.
Gross anatomy
Roots
anterior rami of C1 to C5 nerves
Course
run...
Article
Woodruff plexus
Woodruff plexus is a venous plexus located in the posterior end of the inferior meatus on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity 1-3. It accounts for between 5-10% of epistaxis episodes. These bleeds do not respond to anterior nasal packing.
Despite George H. Woodruff's original description (1949...
Article
Marginal mandibular nerve
The marginal mandibular nerve (TA: ramus marginalis mandibularis nervi facialis) is a branch of the extratemporal (terminal) segment of the facial nerve. It supplies the depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris and mentalis muscles. It is of greater clinical importance than the other fa...
Article
Iris (eye)
The iris (plural: irises or irides) is a pigmented muscular structure which modifies the amount of light entering the eye, by controlling the size of the pupil, its central aperture.
Summary
location: between the anterior and posterior chambers of the globe
function: controls the amount of l...
Article
Craniotomy
A craniotomy is a surgical procedure where a piece of calvarial bone is removed to allow intracranial exposure. The bone flap is replaced at the end of the procedure, usually secured with microplates and screws. If the bone flap is not replaced it is either a craniectomy (bone removed) or cranio...
Article
Powers ratio
The Powers ratio is a measurement of the relationship of the foramen magnum to the atlas, used in the diagnosis of atlanto-occipital dissociation injuries.
The ratio, AB/CD, is measured as the ratio of the distance in the median (midsagittal) plane between the:
basion (A) and the posterior spi...
Article
Rhabdomyosarcoma (orbit)
Rhabdomyosarcomas of the orbit account for approximately 10-20% of all rhabdomyosarcomas and are usually found in children.
Epidemiology
As with other locations, rhabdomyosarcomas in the orbit are overrepresented in males, and in Caucasians. They typically occur in children below the age of 1...
Article
Coronal suture
The coronal suture is the cranial suture formed between the two parietal bones and the frontal bone. At the junction of coronal, sagittal and frontal sutures, the anterior fontanelle is located which is open at birth and usually fuses at around 18-24 months after birth. The junction of the coron...
Article
Retromandibular vein
The retromandibular vein, also known as the posterior facial vein, runs through the substance of the parotid gland.
Gross anatomy
Origin and course
The retromandibular vein is formed, usually within the parotid, by the confluence of the maxillary vein and the superficial temporal vein. It lie...
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