Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Placenta previa
Placenta previa refers to an abnormally low lying placenta such that it lies close to, or covers the internal cervical os. It is a common cause of antepartum hemorrhage.
Placenta previa is a potentially life-threatening condition for both mother and infant. As such, antenatal diagnosis is essen...
Article
Fowler syndrome
Fowler syndrome, also known as proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly-hydrocephaly syndrome (PVHH), is a rare inherited condition.
Terminology
Not to be confused with Fowler syndrome of urinary retention, a condition caused by primary failure of urethral sphincter relaxation resulting ...
Article
Aortic arch view (fetal echocardiogram)
An aortic arch view is one of the additional views performed on fetal obstetric ultrasound - fetal echocardiography. It is an oblique sagittal view which is obtained similar to a left anterior oblique angiogram or the sagittal arch view obtained in CT arteriography. The isthmus, after the origin...
Article
Encephalocele
Encephalocele, also known as meningoencephalocele, is a form of neural tube defect and a type of cephalocele where brain tissue and overlying meninges herniate out through a defect in the cranium.
Terminology
Although the terms encephalocele and meningoencephalocele are often used interchange...
Article
Uterine artery pseudoaneurysm
Uterine artery pseudoaneurysm (UAP) is a rare cause of secondary postpartum hemorrhage.
Clinical presentation
UAP usually presents as delayed (secondary) postpartum hemorrhage, that is per vaginal bleeding which occurs more than 24 hours and up to 6 weeks postpartum. However, some reported ca...
Article
Anencephaly
Anencephaly is the most severe form of cranial neural tube defect and is characterized by an absence of cortical tissue (although the brainstem and cerebellum may be variably present) as well as an absence of the cranial vault. The morphological spectrum within anencephaly ranges from holocrania...
Article
Double outlet left ventricle
Double outlet left ventricle (DOLV) is an extremely rare congenital cardiac anomaly where both the aorta and pulmonary trunk arise from the anatomical left ventricle. It is usually classified as a conotruncal anomaly and is often associated with a ventricular septal defect with normal continuity...
Article
Iniencephaly
Iniencephaly is a rare neural tube defect resulting in the following features 1,2:
occipital bone defect
partial or total absence (rachischisis) of cervicothoracic vertebrae
fixed fetal head retroflexion
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~0.1-10 per 10,000 live births 5. There is...
Article
Limb body wall complex
The limb-body wall complex (LBWC) is a rare variable group of congenital limb and body wall defects (involving mainly the chest and abdomen). They can include:
abdominoschisis: usually large and left-sided 4, and almost always present
thoracic wall defect / thoracoschisis
ectopia cordis
anom...
Article
Portal sinus
The portal sinus is an L-shaped venous confluence in the fetal circulation. It is located in the liver, between the left and right intrahepatic portal veins. The umbilical vein drains into the portal sinus at its medial aspect, near the left inferior intrahepatic portal vein 1,2. The ductus veno...
Article
Micrognathia
The term micrognathia describes a small mandible.
Epidemiology
Associations
Micrognathia is associated with a vast array of other congenital anomalies which include:
aneuploidic syndromic
trisomy 9 4
trisomy 13
trisomy 18
non-aneuploidic syndromic
arterial tortuosity syndrome
Fryns sy...
Article
Folate deficiency
Folate deficiency (hypovitaminosis B9) is the most common vitamin deficiency in the Western world. It is especially important in pregnant women and common amongst alcoholics.
Epidemiology
Deficiency arises in two distinct populations:
increased demand (pregnancy and lactation)
decreased abs...
Article
Arthrogryposis
Arthrogryposis (multiplex congenita) is a clinical or imaging descriptor that denotes congenital non-progressive joint contractures involving two or more body regions.
Epidemiology
Arthrogryposis has been mostly reported in individuals of Asian, African and European descent with equal inciden...
Article
Obstetric curriculum
The obstetric curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core obstetric knowledge.
Definition
Topics pertaining to the normal and abnormal pregnancy, the gravid uterus and fetal environment, placenta, normal fetal development and fet...
Article
Hypertelorism
Hypertelorism refers to an abnormal increase in distance between any two organs although some authors use the term synonymously with orbital hypertelorism meaning an abnormal increase in distance between the two eyes. The article mainly focuses on the latter. The abnormality is similar to teleca...
Article
Large for dates uterus
A large for date uterus is a clinical observation based on uterine fundal height, which may result in referral for ultrasound assessment, usually in mid to late pregnancy.
Pathology
Etiology
incorrect dates
constitutionally large fetus
multiple pregnancy
fetal macrosomia
polyhydramnios
u...
Article
Stenosis of the uterine cervix
Stenosis of the uterine cervix is the pathologic narrowing of the uterine cervix. The term cervical stenosis is clinically defined as cervical narrowing that prevents the insertion of a 2.5 mm wide dilator through the cervical os.
Epidemiology
One-fifth of patients have a history of exposure t...
Article
Partial hydatidiform mole
Partial hydatidiform mole is a type of molar pregnancy, which in turn falls under the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease.
Clinical presentation
Clinical signs and symptoms such as abdominal pain, cramps of the lower abdomen and vaginal bleeding during pregnancy are common but non-s...
Article
Cebocephaly
Cebocephaly refers to a type of rare midline craniofacial anomaly where there is a single nostril (which usually ends blindly 6-7) with proboscis-like nose 8 and hypotelorism.
Pathology
Associations
holoprosencephaly: particularly alobar holoprosencephaly
trisomy 13
See also
ethmocephaly
...
Article
Fetal cholelithiasis
Fetal cholelithiasis refers to formation of gallstones in utero.
Epidemiology
There occurrence is thought to be relatively common and is estimated at 1 in 300 pregnancies. They are almost always seen in the 3rd trimester 1. There may be slightly greater male predilection 7.
Pathology
Associ...
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