Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Spiculated periosteal reaction
Spiculated periosteal reaction represents spicules of new bone-forming along vascular channels and the fibrous bands that anchor periosteum to bone (Sharpey fibers).
Pathology
A spiculated periosteal reaction signifies a rapid underlying process that prevents the formation of new bone under th...
Article
Pancreatic lymphoma
Pancreatic lymphoma is most commonly a B-cell subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Epidemiology
Pancreatic lymphoma is typically seen in middle-aged patients with a mean age of around 55 years old and is more common in immunocompromised patients.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms are often non-speci...
Article
Primary ovarian lymphoma
Primary ovarian lymphoma (POL) refers to the involvement of the ovary with lymphoma but without the involvement of any other site. It is an extremely rare yet well-recognized condition.
Epidemiology
Primary ovarian lymphoma accounts for ~1.5% of ovarian tumors 5.
Pathology
The rarity of this...
Article
Sinonasal adenocarcinoma
Sinonasal adenocarcinomas are primary tumors of the sinonasal region with glandular differentiation. They are grossly classified as salivary and non-salivary subtypes. However, generally in the literature and IARC/WHO classification, the term "sinonasal adenocarcinoma" refers to non-salivary ade...
Article
Acute abdominal pain
Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management.
Terminology
A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...
Article
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) (historically also known as hypernephroma or Grawitz tumor) are primary malignant adenocarcinomas derived from the renal tubular epithelium and are the most common malignant renal tumor. They usually occur in 50-70-year old patients and macroscopic hematuria occurs in...
Article
Aerogenous metastasis
Aerogenous metastases are a rare form of metastases that can occur in the lung due to aerogenous spread along the airways.
Pathology
It is related to but not considered identical to the term spread through air spaces (STAS) 4.
Aerogenous metastases are usually from primary lung cancer dissemi...
Article
Lugano staging classification
The Lugano staging classification is the lymphoma staging system that is most commonly used in clinical practice. The categories for initial staging are defined in this article. See separate articles for the Lugano criteria for response assessment by PET-CT or by CT alone, as well as guidelines ...
Article
Diffuse bony sclerosis (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for remembering the causes of diffuse bony sclerosis is:
3 M's PROOF
Mnemonic
3 M's PROOF
M: malignancy
metastases (osteoblastic metastases)
lymphoma
leukemia
M: myelofibrosis
M: mastocytosis
S: sickle cell disease
P: Paget disease of the bone/pyknodysostosis
R: renal oste...
Article
RNA
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is one of the two major nucleic acids in biological cells, the other being DNA; unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded. The composition of the nucleotides and nucleosides is also partly different due to variations in the monosaccharide and base constituents: D-ribose sugar rep...
Article
Solitary bone plasmacytoma
Solitary bone plasmacytomas are an uncommon plasma cell tumor which are localized to bone. They may involve any bone, but they have a predisposition for the red marrow-containing axial skeleton:
spinal disease is observed in ~50% (range 34-72%) of cases
the thoracic vertebrae are most commonly...
Article
Anterior mediastinal mass in the exam
Getting a film with an anterior mediastinal mass in the exam is one of the many exam set-pieces that can be prepared for.
The film goes up and after a couple of seconds pause, you need to start talking:
CXR
There is a left sided mediastinal mass that makes obtuse angles with the mediastinal c...
Article
Osteoblastoma
Osteoblastomas are rare bone-forming tumors that may be locally aggressive. Compared to their histological relative, the osteoid osteoma, they are larger (>2 cm) and more frequently affect the axial skeleton 1.
Osteoblastoma accounts for the 'O' in the popular mnemonic for lucent bone lesions F...
Article
Patellar tumors
Patellar tumors are extremely rare. They can be either benign or malignant primary bone tumors, or metastases.
Epidemiology
Patellar tumors represent just 0.1% of all primary bone tumors 1.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with anterior knee pain and/or a palpable mass 1,3.
Path...
Article
Cervical lymph node (staging)
Cervical lymph node staging refers to evaluating regional nodal metastasis from primary cancer of the head and neck. The following article reflects the 8th edition of the TNM staging system published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for staging starting January 1, 2018 1,...
Article
Kaposi sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-to-intermediate grade mesenchymal tumor that involves the lymphovascular system. The tumor can involve the pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous and musculoskeletal systems. Although it is often thought of as an AIDS-related condition, it may also be seen in other p...
Article
EGFR mutation
An epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation may be expressed in a large proportion of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). However, certain subtypes such as invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung can have very low expression.
The presence of this mutation can be assessed on bio...
Article
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal hematological stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia and ineffective hematopoiesis. It carries a risk of transformation to acute leukemia.
Epidemiology
Its overall incidence is thought to be around 3.3 per 100,000. The...
Article
Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast
Invasive lobular carcinoma is the most common special type of invasive breast cancer after invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified).
Epidemiology
They represent 5-10% of all breast cancer.
Associations
There is a greater rate of contral...
Article
Retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma
Retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma arising within the retroperitoneum, is one of the commonest primary retroperitoneal neoplasms. The retroperitoneum is considered the most common extrauterine site for leiomyosarcoma.
Epidemiology
They are more common in women.
Clinical presentat...
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