Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Pear-shaped bladder
Pear-shaped (or teardrop-shaped) bladder is one whose normal round or oval shape has been extrinsically compressed to resemble a pear. The pear may be inverted or upright, depending on how the excess pelvic tissue compresses the bladder.
Pathology
Etiology
Causes of a pear-shaped bladder incl...
Article
Neurocristopathy syndromes
Neurocristopathy syndromes encompasses a group of conditions united by abnormal migration, differentiation, division or survival of neural crest cells 1.
Examples include:
Waardenburg-Shah syndrome
Haddad syndrome
MEN IIa
neurofibromatosis type I (NF1)
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Bamforth-Lazar...
Article
Metanephric adenoma of the kidney
Metanephric adenoma (MA) of the kidney is a type of benign renal neoplasm.
Epidemiology
While it can present at any age 6, the peak age of occurrence is thought to be around the 5th to 6th decades 2. There may be a 2:1 female preponderance 2.
Clinical presentation
Metanephric adenoma is as...
Article
Renal sympathetic denervation
Renal sympathetic denervation (RSDN), also known as renal denervation, is an interventional procedure that uses radiofrequency ablation to destroy the nerve endings in the wall of the renal arteries. Endovascular (trans-catheter) techniques are an alternative to surgical sympathectomy.
Indicat...
Article
Ossifying renal tumor of infancy
Ossifying renal tumor of infancy (ORTI) is a rare renal tumor.
Epidemiology
extremely rare, <<1% of pediatric renal neoplasms (17 cases reported)
6 days - 3 months
male predominant
Pathology
Histology reveals spindle cells and osteoblastic cells in a calcified osteoid matrix. It is thought...
Article
Labia majora
The labia majora (singular: labium majus) form the anteroinferior most part of the vulva, they are continuous with the mons pubis anteriorly and the perineum posteriorly. The labia are apposed in the midline forming the, externally-visible, pudendal cleft.
Gross anatomy
The labia majora have ...
Article
Medial inguinal fossa
The medial inguinal fossae are concave depressions of peritoneum in the paravesical space bounded by the medial umbilical folds and the lateral umbilical folds. The fossae are contained within the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle. The right medial inguinal fossa typically partially contains the ...
Article
McDonald and McClellan classification of crossed renal ectopias
The McDonald and McClellan classification is the most commonly used classification of crossed renal ectopia. It divides them into four types based on whether there is fusion or not and whether it is unilateral or bilateral. Crossed fused renal ectopia is then further divided depending on the ori...
Article
Persistent fetal lobulation of the kidneys
Persistent fetal lobulation is a normal variant seen occasionally in adult kidneys. It occurs when there is incomplete fusion of the developing renal lobules. Embryologically, the kidneys originate as distinct lobules that fuse as they develop and grow.
Radiographic features
It is often seen o...
Article
Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction is a common condition. Doppler ultrasound is a highly accurate means of assessing patients with erectile dysfunction.
Pathology
Psychological factors (mental impulse) cause the transmission of parasympathetic impulses to the penis. This causes relaxation of arterioles and...
Article
Renal arteriovenous fistula
Renal arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) are anomalous direct communications between arteries and veins in the kidney, which may be confused with a renal arteriovenous malformation (rAVM).
Epidemiology
The incidence of renal AVF is variable, estimated at 0.3-19% in native kidneys and 6-8% in renal ...
Article
Bear paw sign (kidney)
The bear paw sign refers to the cross-sectional appearance of the kidney affected by xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. There is a radial arrangement of multiple, low attenuation rounded spaces representing dilated calyces, surrounded by thin renal parenchyma that has higher attenuation or cont...
Article
MRI targeted prostate biopsy
MRI targeted prostate biopsy refers to an imaging targeted technique rather than the traditional systematic approach of a prostate biopsy after respective imaging with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate.
As a consequence of advances with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate in t...
Article
Adrenal collision tumor
An adrenal collision tumor or collision tumor of the adrenal gland is an uncommon condition where two histologically distinct tumors abut each other or are in close proximity in the same adrenal gland.
Pathology
Collision tumors have been reported in nearly every organ, for example, collision ...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (urinary tract)
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC), is the most common primary malignancy of the urinary tract and may be found along its entire length, from the renal pelvis to the bladder.
As imaging findings and treatment vary according to where along the urinary...
Article
Renal replacement lipomatosis
Renal replacement lipomatosis is a rare condition characterized by fatty tissue proliferation in the renal sinus and perinephric space with marked destruction/atrophy of renal parenchyma (due to chronic inflammation).
Epidemiology
Associations
Renal replacement lipomatosis has been associated...
Article
Junctional parenchymal defect of kidney
Junctional parenchymal defects in renal imaging are a normal variant, which results from the incomplete embryonic fusion of renunculi.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
It can be seen as a triangular echogenic cortical defect, frequently seen in upper lobe parenchyma. The defect is the extensi...
Article
Global testicular infarction
Global testicular infarction is fortunately rare, and is most commonly seen in the context of testicular torsion. However rarely it can occur secondary to other causes.
Diagnosis
Doppler ultrasound is the mainstay for assessing testicular blood flow and diagnosing ischemia 1. Hyperemia and in...
Article
Watering-can perineum
Watering-can perineum is the result of multiple fistulae extending from the urethra to open within the perineum. In these patients, urine can exit through these perineal openings 1,2. The fistulae can be detected with voiding cystourethrography, however, the definite cause can be determined with...
Article
Pelvic organ prolapse
Pelvic organ prolapse refers to a pathological downward herniation of various pelvic organ structures into or through the perineum. It usually results from pelvic floor weakness by impairment of various ligaments, fasciae, and muscles that support the pelvic organs.
In its most severe form, it ...
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