Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Colonic esophageal interposition
Colonic esophageal interposition is a rarely performed upper gastrointestinal tract surgical procedure, in which colon is used to replace the distal esophagus. The transverse colon with all or part of the ascending colon is the substitute of choice.
This has been performed for long esophageal ...
Article
Teardrop sign (superior mesenteric vein)
The teardrop sign of the superior mesenteric vein is one of the important signs in the local staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Its importance lies in its diagnostic, as well as prognostic, significance. This sign is used in assessing the resectability of pancreatic cancer.
Radiographic feat...
Article
Esophagus
The esophagus (plural: esophagi or esophaguses) is a muscular tube that conveys food and fluids from the pharynx to the stomach. It forms part of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Gross anatomy
The esophagus is 23-37 cm long with a diameter of 1-2 cm and is divided into three parts:
cervical:...
Article
Malignant vs benign gastric ulcer (barium)
Barium meal has been frequently used to differentiate malignant and benign gastric ulcers:
Features suggesting benign gastric ulcer
outpouching of ulcer crater beyond the gastric contour (exoluminal)
smooth rounded and deep ulcer crater
smooth ulcer mound
smooth gastric folds that reach the...
Article
Pseudokidney sign (colonic carcinoma)
The pseudokidney sign is a non-specific sonographic sign that describes the reniform shape of a mass with a hypoechoic region (representing bowel wall thickening) surrounding a central hyperechoic portion or echogenic stripe (which represents the apposition of the mucosal surfaces) 1,2.
It can...
Article
Omphalomesenteric duct
The omphalomesenteric duct, also called the vitelline or vitellointestinal duct, is a communicating tract between the embryonic yolk sac and the primitive midgut.
This duct is obliterated at around the 5th to 8th week of gestation. Approximately 2% of people have a failure of involution.
Relat...
Article
Mallory-Weiss tear
Mallory-Weiss tears occur due to violent projection of gastric contents against the lower esophagus (e.g. repetitive forceful vomiting), which results in mucosal and submucosal tear with involvement of the venous plexus. The resultant clinical syndrome is known as Mallory-Weiss syndrome.
This ...
Article
Parastomal hernia
Parastomal hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are defined as the protrusion of abdominal contents through an abdominal wall defect in the vicinity of the stoma.
Classification
The hernia may contain a loop of bowel forming the stoma itself, omentum, and/or intestinal loops other than that f...
Article
Ischemic colitis
Ischemic colitis refers to inflammation of the colon secondary to vascular insufficiency and ischemia. It is sometimes considered under the same spectrum as intestinal ischemia. The severity and consequences of the disease are highly variable.
Epidemiology
Ischemic bowel is typically a disease...
Article
Internal oblique muscle
The internal oblique muscle is one of the muscles that form the anterior abdominal wall. Inferiorly, it contributes towards the formation of the inguinal ligament.
Summary
origin: originates along the whole length of the lumbar fascia, from the anterior two-thirds of the intermediate line of t...
Article
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Congenital diaphragmatic herniation (CDH) accounts for a small proportion of all diaphragmatic herniae. However, it is one of the most common non-cardiac fetal intrathoracic anomalies.
Epidemiology
Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are seen in 1 of every 2000-4000 live births. 84% are left-side...
Article
Northern exposure sign (sigmoid volvulus)
The northern exposure sign has been described as a high specificity sign in sigmoid volvulus. On a supine abdominal radiograph, the apex of the sigmoid volvulus is seen above (cranial to) the transverse colon.
Article
Ascites
Ascites (hydroperitoneum is a rare synonym) is defined as an abnormal amount of intraperitoneal fluid.
Terminology
Ascites (plural is the same word) tends to be reserved for relatively sizable amounts of peritoneal fluid. The amount has not been defined formally. It is noted physiologically, h...
Article
Crohn disease
Crohn disease, also known as regional enteritis, is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by widespread discontinuous gastrointestinal tract inflammation. The terminal ileum and proximal colon are most often affected. Extraintestinal disease is common.
Epidemiology
The diagnos...
Article
Hirschsprung disease
Hirschsprung disease is the most common cause of neonatal colonic obstruction (15-20%). It is commonly characterized by a short segment of colonic aganglionosis affecting term neonates, especially boys.
Epidemiology
Hirschsprung disease affects approximately 1:5000-8000 live births. In short-...
Article
Gastrointestinal leiomyoma (overview)
Gastrointestinal leiomyomas are smooth muscle tumors without malignant potential that may develop in any part of the gastrointestinal system:
esophageal leiomyoma
gastric leiomyoma
small bowel leiomyoma
colonic leiomyoma
Article
Adrenal metastasis
Adrenal metastases are the most common malignant lesions involving the adrenal gland. Metastases are usually bilateral but may also be unilateral. Unilateral involvement is more prevalent on the left side (ratio of 1.5:1).
Epidemiology
They are present at autopsy in up to 27% of patients with ...
Article
Lesser sac hernia
Lesser sac hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a type of internal hernia, where abdominal contents protrude through the foramen of Winslow, hence they are also known as foramen of Winslow hernia.
Epidemiology
Lesser sac hernias are rare, accounting for <0.1% of abdominal hernias and 8% ...
Article
Primary cutaneous melanoma
Primary cutaneous melanoma is the most common subtype of melanoma, a malignant neoplasm that arises from melanocytes. Melanocytes predominantly occur in the basal layer of the epidermis but do occur elsewhere in the body. Primary cutaneous melanoma is by far the most common type of primary melan...
Article
Omphalomesenteric fistula
Omphalomesenteric fistula occurs as a result of failure of obliteration of the omphalomesenteric duct. It is one of the congenital fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract.
The treatment of choice is often a partial transumbilical resection with umbilical restitution.
See also
gut fistulation
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