Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common procedure post ACL tear. It aims to reduce knee joint instability and thus prevent any further meniscal and/or cartilage damage.
Procedure
There are numerous surgical techniques for ACL reconstruction 1-3:
autograft reconstruction
...
Article
Pediatric clavicle abnormalities
The clavicle is a unique bone and as such it often displays unique pathology. The following is an attempt to summarize pediatric clavicle abnormalities.
Pediatric bone tumors and tumor-like lesions of the clavicle
majority of clavicular tumors are malignant
Ewing sarcoma (most common)
osteos...
Article
Carrying angle
Carrying angle is a small degree of cubitus valgus, formed between the axis of a radially deviated forearm and the axis of the humerus. It helps the arms to swing without hitting the hips while walking. In full flexion these axes become aligned.
Normally it is 14° (female) and 11° (male) away ...
Article
Distal biceps tendon
The distal biceps tendon (DBT) is a strong duplicated extrasynovial tendon that connects the distally variably interlinked long and short head of the biceps brachii muscle to the bicipital tuberosity of the proximal radius. Besides the distal biceps tendon, the biceps muscle is distally attached...
Article
Bowl of grapes sign
The bowl of grapes sign has been described in synovial sarcoma. It refers to the characteristic multilobulated lesion subdivided by multiple septa, forming large cystic foci with regions of hemorrhage.
Article
Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures
The Anderson and Montesano classification is a widely used system for describing occipital condyle fractures. It divides injuries into three types based on morphology and mechanism of injury 1-5.
Classification
type I: impacted type occipital condyle fracture
morphology: comminution of the co...
Article
Os odontoideum
Os odontoideum (plural: ossa odontoidea) is an anatomic variant of the odontoid process of C2 and needs to be differentiated from persistent ossiculum terminale and from a type 2 odontoid fracture. It can be associated with atlantoaxial instability.
Although it was originally thought to be a c...
Article
Avulsion injury
Avulsion injuries or fractures occur where the joint capsule, ligament, tendon or muscle attachment site is pulled off from the bone, usually taking a fragment of cortical bone. Avulsion fractures are commonly distracted due to the high tensile forces involved. There are numerous sites at which ...
Article
Mid-talar axis
The mid-talar axis represents a line drawn down the longitudinal axis of the talus and can be drawn on lateral and DP radiographs.
Measurement
Independent on the view on which the line is drawn, it should bisect the neck of the talus and the head.
On the lateral and DP views, the line should...
Article
Lateral talocalcaneal angle
The lateral talocalcaneal angle is one of the angles that can be measured for the assessment of pes planus and pes cavus and assessment of hindfoot deformity.
Measurement
The lateral talocalcaneal angle is drawn on a weight-bearing lateral foot radiograph. There are two ways that it has been d...
Article
Chordoma
Chordomas are uncommon malignant tumors of the axial skeleton that account for 1% of intracranial tumors and 4% of all primary bone tumors.
They originate from embryonic remnants of the primitive notochord (earliest fetal axial skeleton, extending from the Rathke's pouch to the tip of the cocc...
Article
Internal oblique muscle
The internal oblique muscle is one of the muscles that form the anterior abdominal wall. Inferiorly, it contributes towards the formation of the inguinal ligament.
Summary
origin: originates along the whole length of the lumbar fascia, from the anterior two-thirds of the intermediate line of t...
Article
Transversus abdominis muscle
The transversus abdominis muscle, named according to the direction of its muscle fibers, is one of the flat muscles that form the anterior abdominal wall. It is deep to the internal oblique muscle and ends in the anterior aponeurosis, which ultimately blends with the linea alba.
Summary
origi...
Article
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Congenital diaphragmatic herniation (CDH) accounts for a small proportion of all diaphragmatic herniae. However, it is one of the most common non-cardiac fetal intrathoracic anomalies.
Epidemiology
Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are seen in 1 of every 2000-4000 live births. 84% are left-side...
Article
External oblique muscle
The external oblique muscle is one of the muscles that forms the anterior abdominal wall. Its free inferior border forms the inguinal ligament, and its aponeurotic part contributes to the anterior wall of the inguinal canal.
Summary
origin: outer surface of the shaft of the lower eight ribs 3...
Article
AP Meary's angle
AP Meary's angle or AP talus-first metatarsal angle is used to assess for midfoot abduction/adduction in pes planus and pes cavus to assist with pre-operative planning 1.
Measurement
On a weight-bearing AP foot radiograph, a line is drawn down the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal to ...
Article
Tendinopathy
Tendinopathy has been defined as "persistent tendon pain and loss of function related to mechanical loading" 7 but is also used as a broad term used to describe any problem involving a tendon.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of tendinopathy in the general population is 2-5%. Active and sporting in...
Article
Focal fatty deposits in bone marrow
Focal fatty deposits, also known as marrow islands or replacements in the bone marrow, are well-defined focal fat islands within the bone marrow of the spine or other parts of the axial skeleton 1,2.
Epidemiology
Common in older individuals, related to age but not to sex.
Associations
Focal ...
Article
Posterior tibial line
The posterior tibial line is drawn along the posterior aspect of the distal tibial shaft on a lateral ankle x-ray and can be used to assess the sagittal alignment of the talus when comparing side-to-side and/or calculate the posterior tibial line-talar ratio 1,2.
Article
Periosteal chondrosarcoma
Periosteal chondrosarcomas, previously also known as juxta-cortical chondrosarcomas, are cartilagineous or chondroid matrix-generating neoplasms originating in close association with the periosteum from the bony surface 1-3.
Terminology
The term ‘juxta-cortical chondrosarcoma’ is no longer rec...
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