Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Cesarian scar endometriosis
Cesarian scar endometriosis can be located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, rectus muscle/sheath, intraperitoneally, or in the uterine myometrium (within uterine scar).
Epidemiology
The reported incidence of abdominal scar endometriosis following cesarean section is 0.03-0.6% 6.
Clinical pre...
Article
Decidual reaction
A decidual reaction is a feature seen in very early pregnancy where there is thickening of the endometrium around the gestational sac, which is seen as an echogenic rim on ultrasound. A thin decidual reaction of <2 mm is considered one of the features suggestive of an anembryonic pregnancy 2. A ...
Article
Fetal atrioventricular block
Fetal atrioventricular block is a form a fetal bradyarrhythmia often classified into
fetal partial atrioventricular block (PAVB)
fetal complete atrioventricular block (CAVB)
Epidemiology
Fetal atrioventricular block is considered rare finding with reported occurrences of around 1:11,000-20,0...
Article
Cystic renal dysplasia
Cystic renal dysplasia refers to a subgroup of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract characterized by the dysplastic renal parenchyma and formation of cysts. The most severe form is multicystic dysplastic kidney, in which functional renal parenchyma is absent and only undifferenti...
Article
The crisscross sign
The crisscross sign is a fetal ultrasound sign that describes the normal relationship between the ventricular outflows tracts of the fetal heart. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT); represented by the take-off of the aorta (Ao) from the left ventricle, is perpendicular (90o) to the right ...
Article
Echogenic fetal bowel
Echogenic fetal bowel is an observation in antenatal ultrasound imaging, in which fetal bowel appears to be brighter than it is supposed to be. It is a soft marker for trisomy 21 and has several other associations. When observed, it needs to be interpreted in the context of other associated abno...
Article
Hemimegalencephaly
Hemimegalencephaly is a rare congenital disorder of cortical formation characterized by hamartomatous overgrowth of all or part of a cerebral hemisphere. This overgrowth results from either increased proliferation or decreased apoptosis (or both) of developing neurons 2.
Epidemiology
Hemimegal...
Article
Missed miscarriage
A missed miscarriage, sometimes termed a missed abortion 3, is a situation when there is a non-viable fetus within the uterus, without symptoms of a miscarriage.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
Ultrasound diagnosis of miscarriage should only be considered when either a mean gestation sac d...
Article
Postpartum hemorrhage risk factors (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the basic risk factors of postpartum hemorrhage is:
PARTUM
Mnemonic
P: prolonged labor / polyhydramnios / previous C-section
A: APH
R: recent Hx of bleeding
T: twins
U: uterine fibrosis
M: multiparity
Article
Endometrial thickness
Endometrial thickness is a commonly measured parameter on routine gynecological ultrasound and MRI. The appearance, as well as the thickness of the endometrium, will depend on whether the patient is of reproductive age or postmenopausal and, if of reproductive age, at what point in the menstrual...
Article
Triple screening
Triple screening refers to a screening blood test that is used to screen pregnant women for possible neural tube defects, Down syndrome and trisomy 18 in the developing fetus. It measures:
alpha-fetoprotein
beta hCG
unconjugated estriol
Interpretation
An abnormal test result doesn't indica...
Article
Erb palsy
Erb palsy, also known as brachial plexus birth palsy, is a form of obstetric brachial plexus injury as a result of complications during delivery.
Clinical presentation
The most common cause is due to excessive lateral traction or stretching of the fetal head and neck in opposite directions du...
Article
Dichorionic triamniotic triplet pregnancy
A dichorionic triamniotic (DCTA) triplet pregnancy is a type a multifetal pregnancy where two of the triplets are monochorionic. This type of pregnancy can carry a unique set of complications.
See also
triplet pregnancy
Article
Congenital hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT), previously known as cretinism, can be of thyroidal or central (hypothalamic/pituitary) origin and can have a widely diverse molecular etiology.
Clinical presentation
Most children are asymptomatic at birth and are diagnosed after screening. In untreated congeni...
Article
Uterine duplication anomalies
Uterine duplication anomalies are a group of Müllerian duct anomalies where fusion of the Müllerian duct associated structures fail to some degree:
uterus didelphys: class III
bicornuate uterus: class IV (second commonest duplication anomaly)
septate uterus: class V (commonest duplication ano...
Article
Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis refers to an extra-abdominal herniation (evisceration) of fetal or neonatal bowel loops (and occasionally portions of the stomach and or liver) into the amniotic cavity through a para-umbilical anterior abdominal wall defect.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is around 1-6 per...
Article
Hydrops fetalis
Hydrops fetalis is excessive fluid into the third space in a fetus, which could be due to heart failure, volume overload, decreased oncotic pressure, or increased vascular permeability.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is ~1 in 2000 pregnancies 16 and ~1 in 1000 live births 17, although th...
Article
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Pulmonary hypoplasia refers to underdevelopment of one or both lungs. This can be rapidly fatal at birth or mild, escaping detection for decades. It is most often secondary to congenital abnormalities that either restrict intrathoracic space or alter pulmonary fluid dynamics.
Epidemiology
Pulm...
Article
Chorioamnionitis
Chorioamnionitis refers to infection of the chorion and amnion during pregnancy.
Epidemiology
Chorioamnionitis affects an estimated 2-4% of term deliveries and 40-70% of preterm deliveries 1.
Clinical presentation
Clinically, chorioamnionitis can present with the following maternal signs and...
Article
Asymmetric ventriculomegaly, interhemispheric cyst and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum (AVID)
Asymmetric ventriculomegaly, interhemispheric cyst, and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum (AVID) is a triad of congenital cerebral anomalies.
Radiographic features
markedly asymmetric enlargement of the lateral ventricles may be the initial finding on routine fetal morphology ultrasound.
inte...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.