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Chronic otomastoiditis with tympanosclerosis represents calcific foci within the middle ear or tympanic membrane secondary to suppurative chronic otomastoiditis. Radiographic features Features include chronic otomastoidits findings such as middle ear soft tissue density and underpneumatised ma...

The acetabular fossa, also known as the cotyloid fossa, is the central aspect of the medial wall of the acetabulum that hosts the ligamentum teres and the fibrofatty pulvinar. It is the nonarticular portion inside the U-shaped labrum that extends to the acetabular notch 1. The acetabular fossa i...

Bilateral testicular lesions have a relatively limited differential diagnosis.  Differential diagnosis Neoplastic  lymphoblastic leukemia (acute or chronic) lymphoma (non-Hodgkin's) primary testicular lymphoma is rare but the testes are often the site of lymphoma/leukemia recurrence due to ...

Epigastric hernias, also known as fatty hernias of the linea alba, occur ventrally through a defect in the linea alba, superior to the umbilicus. Epidemiology Risk factors obesity  pregnancy Radiographic features Ultrasound Shows a midline defect which is usually small with or without her...

The gluteofemoral bursa is situated over the lateral aspect of the hip. It sits caudal to the greater trochanter of the proximal femur, positioned beneath the iliotibial band in the region where the tendinous fibers of the gluteus maximus insert 1. Its location over the posterior border of the v...

Turtleback sign, also known as tortoise shell appearance, represents a characteristic appearance of chronic hepatic schistosomiasis in which liver margins are irregular and nodular. Dystrophic calcifications within a polygonal network of fibrous septa are seen in the periphery, often perpendicul...

The multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS) refers to a group of syndromes which are collectively characterized by multiple soft tissue webs (or pterygia) across the neck and various joints. They can be broadly classified into two main groups lethal multiple pterygium syndrome non-lethal multiple p...

Bronchial  hyperresponsiveness or airway hyperresponsiveness consists of an increased sensitivity of the airways to an inhaled constrictor agonist. It has been described as a is a characteristic feature of asthma but also been known to occur in associated with other factors such as indexed body ...

Peritesticular lipoma is considered the most common benign tumor of the paratesticular tissues and spermatic cord (can comprising around 45% of paratesticular masses). Clinical presentation Often manifests as an incidentally discovered nontender scrotal mass. Can affect patients over a wide ag...

Acroparesthesia refers to tingling, pins-and-needles, burning or numbness or stiffness in the hands and feet, particularly the fingers and toes 1. Occasionally episodic pain is also present, which can be very severe 1.  It is one of the more common manifestations of Fabry disease (more common t...

The os hypolunatum is an accessory ossicle of the wrist seen lying between the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones, lying at the most proximal border of the capitate bone 1. Due to its position, it should be carefully assessed in clinical context so as not to mistake it for a fracture of an adjacen...

The American Journal of Roentgenology, also known as AJR, or informally, the Yellow Journal, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal published by the American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS). Its current editor in chief is Andrew Rosenkrantz. Its global circulation is close to 25,000 paying subscribers 1...

Pulmonary lymphoma refers to lung parenchymal involvement with lymphoma. Pathology It can be broadly divided as primary or secondary: primary pulmonary lymphoma: (rare) usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma which is limited to the lung with or without mediastinal lymph node involvement and with no evi...

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) also known as 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase deficiency is an inborn error of cholesterol synthesis.  Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at 1:20000-40000 live births. Prevalence may be greater in Nordic countries. Clinical presentation There are many wh...

The alveoli (singular: alveolus) are tiny hollow air sacs that comprise the basic unit of respiration. Gross Anatomy Alveoli are found within the lung parenchyma and are found at the terminal ends of the respiratory tree, clustered around alveolar sacs and alveolar ducts.  Each alveolus is app...

Pneumothorax ex vacuo is an uncommon complication of lobar lung collapse, particularly right upper lobe collapse. Clinical presentation Patients are usually asymptomatic 3.  Pathology Acute bronchial obstruction for any reason, such as bronchogenic carcinomas, mucus plugs, foreign bodies, or...

The thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), also sometimes known as the thoracolumbar injury severity score (TISS), was developed by the Spine Trauma Group in 2005 to overcome some of the perceived difficulties regarding the use of other thoracolumbar spinal fracture clas...

Renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (RCAD), also known as maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 5 (MODY5), refers to the combination of renal cortical cysts and diabetes mellitus in patients with mutations in the HNF1B gene. When renal cysts are associated with these mutations without disturb...

The tympanic plexus is a nerve plexus that is located on the cochlear promontory. Gross anatomy The tympanic nerve (a branch of the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve) passes through the inferior tympanic canaliculus to emerge on the cochlear promontory of the middle ear, where it then divides int...

Adrenal calcification is not a rare finding in healthy asymptomatic people and is usually the result of previous hemorrhage or tuberculosis. Addison disease patients only occasionally develop calcification.  Pathology Etiology Hemorrhage sepsis: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome blunt abdomi...