Articles

Sinus pericranii is a cranial venous anomaly in which there is an abnormal communication between intracranial dural sinuses and extracranial venous structures, usually via an emissary transosseous vein. It is considered a type of low flow vascular malformation. It occurs in close communication ...

The Wilbrand knee refers to a small anterior loop of axons from the medial retina passing a short distance into the contralateral prechiasmatic optic nerve after decussating in the optic chiasm. It is said to account for the occurrence of the junctional scotoma caused by lesions at the junction ...

Bronchogenic cysts and esophageal duplication cysts are embryological foregut duplication cysts and are also differential diagnoses for a cystic mediastinal mass. Differences Symptoms bronchogenic cysts asymptomatic unless infected esophageal duplication cysts can present with hemorrha...

Inferior petrosal sinus sampling is an infrequently used method of confirming the presence of a hormonally active pituitary microadenoma when imaging alone has been insufficient. This technique is able to confirm that excess hormone (e.g. ACTH) is being produced by the pituitary and may also hel...

Pleural carcinomatosis is a descriptive term given to the diffuse and widespread spread of metastatic tumor through to the pleural space. It is reported to most commonly occur with breast, bronchogenic and gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas metastatic involvement 2. An accompanying serosanguinous ...

Meniscal root tears are a type of meniscal tear in the knee where the tear extends to either the anterior or posterior meniscal root attachment to the central tibial plateau. They often tend to be radial tears extending into the meniscal root.  Epidemiology According to one source, they are th...

An intrapancreatic accessory spleen is a splenunculus within the pancreatic parenchyma. Differentiating this finding from other pancreatic neoplasms is important to avoid unnecessary surgery. Epidemiology Intrapancreatic splenunculi are not as rare as previously thought and their incidence ra...

Haglund syndrome refers to the triad (Haglund triad) of: insertional Achilles tendinopathy retrocalcaneal bursitis Haglund deformity (i.e. posterosuperior calcaneal exostosis) Terminology Haglund syndrome is a painful condition of the heel and its diagnosis requires a combinatio...

Hepatic steatosis, also known as hepatosteatosis, refers to an increase of intracellular fat in the liver and is defined when ≥5% of the weight of the liver is intrahepatic fat 3. It is widely mischaracterised by both radiologists and sonographers as "fatty infiltration" but the fat is in the h...

Sickle cell disease (SCD) (historically also known as drepanocytosis) is a hereditary (autosomal recessive) condition resulting in the formation of abnormal hemoglobin (a hemoglobinopathy), which manifests as multisystem ischemia and infarction, as well as hemolytic anemia.  Hemoglobin SC (HbSC...

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), also known as Sudeck atrophy, is a condition that can affect the extremities in a wide clinical spectrum. No one imaging study is sensitive or specific to rule in or rule out the syndrome.  Terminology Two forms of complex regional pain syndrome have been...

Ochronosis, or alkaptonuria (AKU), is a rare multisystem autosomal recessive metabolic disorder. On imaging, the most particular presentation is on the spine, with osteoporotic bones and dense disc calcifications.  Terminology The term ochronosis usually refers to the bluish-black discolourat...

Jejunal atresia is a congenital anomaly characterized by obliteration of the lumen of the jejunum. The site of the atresia can be anywhere from the ligament of Treitz to the jejunoileal junction. There can be more than one atretic segment. This article will focus on jejunal atresia alone, howev...

Autoimmune pancreatitis is a form of chronic pancreatitis associated with autoimmune manifestations on clinical, histological, and laboratory grounds 1. Distinguishing this entity from other forms of chronic pancreatitis (such as alcohol-induced) is important as steroid treatment is effective b...

Meconium plug syndrome refers to a functional colonic obstruction in a newborn due to an obstructing meconium plug. It is usually transient and affects the left colon with meconium plugging the bowel distal to this segment. It is also known as small left colon syndrome or functional immaturity o...

The adrenal (suprarenal) glands (often shortened to just the adrenals) are paired organs of the endocrine system, often asymmetric in shape.  Gross anatomy The adrenal glands are located superior and anteromedial to the kidneys, within the perirenal space, and enclosed by perirenal fascia. Eac...

Michel aplasia or deformity, also known as complete labyrinthine aplasia, is the most severe congenital inner ear malformation, characterized by complete absence of inner ear structures (cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals, and vestibular and cochlear aqueducts). Epidemiology It is extreme...

Oppenheimer ossicles are accessory ossicles associated with the facet joints and are found in ~4% (range 1-7%) of lumbar spines 1.  Gross anatomy Oppenheimer ossicles predominantly occur as a single, unilateral ossicle of the inferior articular processes of the lumbar spine although they can a...

Thanatophoric dysplasia is a lethal skeletal dysplasia. It is the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia followed by osteogenesis imperfecta type II.  Epidemiology The estimated incidence is around 1:25,000-50,000 3. Associations polyhydramnios 4 Pathology Subtypes There are two recognized...

Long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs) is a pragmatic grouping of varied primary brain tumors that share a number of features including slow indolent growth rate, localization to the cortex and a predilection for the temporal lobe. These characteristics combine to make them a common cause...