Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Septum pellucidum
The septum pellucidum is a thin transparent membrane located in the brain between the body and anterior horns of the lateral ventricles.
Gross anatomy
It extends from the rostrum, genu and anterior portion of the body of the corpus callosum to the fornix. It separates the anterior horns of the...
Article
Major and minor edits
The terms major edit and minor edit are used to describe article edits and are used in a variety of ways on the site.
Minor edits
Minor edits are changes that do not significantly alter the substance or meaning of the content. They are typically superficial in nature and focus on improving rea...
Article
Tibial plateau fracture
Tibial plateau fractures were originally termed a bumper fracture or fender fracture but only 25% of tibial plateau fractures result from impact with automobile bumpers.
Pathology
The most common mechanism of injury involves axial loading, e.g. fall from a significant height. In younger patien...
Article
Line focus principle
The line focus principle in radiography explains the relationship between the actual focal spot on the anode surface and the effective focal spot size.
Basic concept
The focal spot is the area of the target upon which the electron beam strikes. The energy of the electrons in the electron beam ...
Article
Koos classification
The Koos classification is a grading scale frequently used to describe the growth extent ofr vestibular schwannomas 1.
Classification
grade 1: small intracanalicular tumor
grade 2: small tumor with protrusion into the cerebellopontine cistern (CPA); no contact with the brainstem
grade 3: tum...
Article
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Normal pressure hydrocephalus remains a controversial entity with often ambiguous imaging findings. It is classically characterized by the triad of gait apraxia/ataxia, urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment, although not all patients with the condition have all three 31.
On imaging, it...
Article
Intermetatarsal joint
The intermetatarsal joints are strong interosseous ligaments between the second to fifth metatarsals and serve to maintain the lateral integrity of the forefoot.
Gross anatomy
The intermetatarsal ligaments are present between the second to fifth metatarsal. There is no ligament between the se...
Article
Crux cordis
The crux cordis, cardiac crux or crux of the heart is an anatomical landmark and refers to the cross-shaped appearance of the posterior view or diaphragmatic surface of the heart 1-3.
Gross anatomy
The crux cordis is formed by the connection of the right and left atrioventricular groove and th...
Article
Patellar tilt angle
The patellar tilt angle is a widely used measurement to determine patellar tilt and can be used in the assessment of anterior knee pain 1-2.
Measurement
The patellar tilt angle can be evaluated on axial images showing the maximum cross-sectional area of the patella 5. It is measures as the ang...
Article
Spiral mucosal folds
The spiral mucosal folds, also known as the valves of Heister, are spirally arranged mucosal folds on the endoluminal surface of the cystic duct.
Terminology
The term "valves" is a misnomer, as it has since been shown that they do not have a valvular function and do not contain a sphincter 1,5...
Article
Occipital condyle syndrome
Occipital condyle syndrome describes the concurrence of unilateral occipital pain and ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy, which localizes to pathology affecting an occipital condyle. While occipital condyle syndrome can have many potential causes, it nearly always represents a manifestation of ...
Article
Olecranon bursitis
Olecranon bursitis refers to inflammation of the olecranon bursa. The olecranon bursa is a subcutaneous sac that overlies the olecranon process and contains a small amount of fluid to prevent injury of subcutaneous tissue and skin from the uncovered bony olecranon.
Clinical presentation
The pr...
Article
Metacarpal scaphoid distance
The metacarpal scaphoid distance is a measure of the metacarpal subsidence post trapeziectomy and corresponds to the absolute scaphometacarpal space 1,2.
Measurement
The metacarpal scaphoid distance has been measured on both AP hand radiographs 3 and lateral thumb radiographs 1. It is the sho...
Article
Water lily sign (hydatid cyst)
The water lily sign, also known as the camalote sign, is seen in hydatid infections when the inner endocyst detaches from the outer pericyst, resulting in a free-floating membrane within the cyst.
It is classically described on plain radiographs (mainly chest x-ray) when the collapsed membranes...
Article
Small bowel mesentery internal hernia
Small bowel mesentery internal hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a form of internal bowel herniation involving protrusions of viscera through defects in the peritoneum or bowel mesentery.
Epidemiology
This type of internal herniation is more often seen in neonates than in adults ref.
...
Article
Elbow ossification
Elbow ossification occurs at the six elbow ossification centers in a reproducible order. Being familiar with the order of ossification of the elbow is important in not mistaking an epicondylar fracture for a normal ossification center.
Appearance
Order
The order of appearances of the elbow o...
Article
Lateral epicondyle fracture (elbow)
Lateral epicondyle fractures of the elbow are rare epicondylar fractures. They are much rarer than medial epicondyle fractures and represent avulsion of the lateral epicondyle. They are usually seen in the setting of other injuries 1-3.
Terminology
These fractures are avulsion fractions of th...
Article
Metopic suture
The metopic suture (also known as the frontal, interfrontal, or median frontal suture) is a vertical fibrous joint that divides the two halves of the frontal bone and is present in a newborn.
Persistent metopic sutures can be misdiagnosed as vertical skull fractures, therefore it is important t...
Article
Hydatid disease
Hydatid cyst, also known as echinococcosis, results from infection by the Echinococcus tapeworm species. It primarily includes two significant zoonotic diseases caused by tapeworms: cystic echinococcosis, resulting from Echinococcus granulosus, and alveolar echinococcosis, resulting from Echinoc...
Article
Trigeminal nerve
The trigeminal nerve is the fifth (CN V) cranial nerve and its primary role is relaying sensory information from the face and head, although it does provide motor control to the muscles of mastication via the mandibular division (TA: nervus trigeminus or nervus cranialis V).
It is both large an...
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