Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Pituitary apoplexy
Pituitary apoplexy is an acute clinical condition caused by either hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic necrosis of the pituitary gland. Although presentation is variable, it typically comprises headache, visual deficits, ophthalmoplegia, and altered mental status. An existing pituitary macroadenoma i...
Article
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen is a rare, non-neoplastic vascular splenic lesion of uncertain etiology.
Terminology
The term SANT first appeared in the literature in a 2004 article by Martel et al. which examined a series of 25 cases 3. This relatively unco...
Article
Interventional radiology in practice
Interventional radiology procedures within medical imaging span multiple subspecialties and modalities. This is a collection of articles exploring indications, techniques and practice applications of interventional procedures within radiology.
In pediatrics, the most common interventional proce...
Article
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Intracranial hypotension, also known as craniospinal hypotension is a clinical entity that results from a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that almost without exception occurs from the spine, either into the epidural space or directly into veins in the setting of CSF-venous fistulas. It usually, b...
Article
Renal artery pseudoaneurysm
Renal artery pseudoaneurysms are uncommon vascular finding, with the majority occuring after a renal intervention.
Pathology
A renal artery pseudoaneurysm differs from a renal artery true aneurysm (as might occur in fibromuscular dysplasia) in that it does not involve all three layers of the a...
Article
Black hole sign (intracerebral hemorrhage)
The black hole sign refers to the non-contrast CT appearance of acute extravasation of blood into a hematoma, for example, an intracerebral hemorrhage, and therefore is a predictor of hemorrhage expansion 3. It can be thought of as an encapsulated swirl sign.
Radiographic features
The black ho...
Article
Glioblastoma vs cerebral metastasis
Differentiating a glioblastoma (GBM) from a cerebral metastasis is a frequent challenge, with profound surgical, workup and treatment implications. Unfortunately distinguishing between the two entities is not always straightforward and even experienced neuroradiologists will sometimes struggle. ...
Article
Diffuse glioneuronal tumor with oligodendroglioma like features and nuclear clusters
Diffuse glioneuronal tumor with oligodendroglial features and nuclear clusters is a glioneuronal tumor entity with a characteristic methylation profile 1.
Terminology
The exact nature of diffuse glioneuronal tumors with oligodendroglial features and nuclear clusters has yet to be well defined....
Article
Pilocytic astrocytoma
Pilocytic astrocytomas, also known as juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas, are circumscribed astrocytic gliomas that typically occur in young patients. The majority of sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas arise from the cerebellum, whereas in the setting of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), they often invo...
Article
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are uncommon WHO grade 4 tumors, which in the vast majority of cases occurs in young children less than two years of age. It most frequently presents as a posterior fossa mass. AT/RT often resembles medulloblastoma by imaging and even H&E microscopy, and...
Article
Acro-osteolysis
Acro-osteolysis (plural: acro-osteolyses), also known as phalangeal osteolysis, refers to resorption of the distal phalanx. The terminal tuft is most commonly affected. It is associated with a heterogeneous group of pathological entities, some of which can be remembered by the mnemonic CHOP FINg...
Article
Renal infarction
Renal infarction results from interruption of the normal blood supply to part of, or to the whole kidney. The main imaging differential diagnosis includes pyelonephritis and renal tumors.
Epidemiology
The demographics of affected patients will depend on the underlying cause, although as most c...
Article
Owl-eyes sign (spinal cord)
The owl-eyes sign, also known as snake-eyes sign or fried-eggs sign, represents bilaterally symmetric circular to ovoid foci of high T2-weighted signals in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and is seen on axial MR imaging. The sagittal corollary is a "pencil-like" vertical linear high T...
Article
Medulloblastoma, SHH-activated
Medulloblastoma, sonic hedgehog (SHH) activated tumors are malignant tumors of the central nervous system. They are the second most common medulloblastoma group, divided according to TP53 mutation status into TP53-wildtype and TP53-mutant that are distinct entities differing in their molecular, ...
Article
Pneumobilia
Pneumobilia, also known as aerobilia, is the accumulation of gas in the biliary tree. It is important to distinguish pneumobilia from portal venous gas, the other type of branching hepatic gas. There are many causes of pneumobilia and clinical context is often important to distinguish between th...
Article
Asymmetry of the lateral ventricles
The lateral ventricles occasionally show small side to side differences in size on CT or MRI of the brain. This asymmetry of the lateral ventricles (ALV) is an anatomic variant in most cases.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of asymmetry in lateral ventricle size in those without evidence of underl...
Article
Riseborough and Radin classification of intercondylar fractures of the humerus
The Riseborough and Radin classification of intercondylar fractures of the humerus can be used to classify this injury, which results from direct trauma to the olecranon as it is driven as a wedge between the humeral condyles 1.
Classification
Four types of fractures can be identified 1:
type...
Article
Large bowel obstruction
Large bowel obstruction (LBO) is often impressive on imaging, on account of the ability of the large bowel to massively distend. This condition requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Terminology
Bowel obstruction may be complete or incomplete 6:
complete or high grade obstruction means tha...
Article
Corpectomy
Corpectomy refers to the removal of one or more vertebral bodies and is followed by spinal fusion.
Indication
compressive myelopathy secondary to, for example, retrovertebral hypertrophic osteoarthritis, tumor, infection, severe trauma
Contraindications
multilevel corpectomy in patients wit...
Article
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis (plural: hydronephroses) is defined as dilatation of the urinary collecting system of the kidney (the calyces, the infundibula, and the pelvis) 1.
Hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns has specific causes that are covered in a separate article.
Terminology
More recent and spec...