Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Pulmonary valve stenosis, or pulmonic valve stenosis, is a valvulopathy that describes the narrowing of the opening of the pulmonary valve between the pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle.
Epidemiology
Pulmonary stenosis is nearly always (95%) congenital, and therefore primarily affects the...
Article
Meningohypophyseal trunk
The meningohypophyseal trunk, also known as the posterior trunk, is a branch of the C4 (cavernous) segment of the internal carotid artery. In contrast to the inferolateral trunk, it is almost always identified at autopsy. However, due to its small size, the meningohypophyseal trunk is seen only ...
Article
Right lower lobe collapse
Right lower lobe (RLL) collapse forms a triangular opacity extending from the hilum to the diaphragm. There is less overlap with the heart shadow compared to left lower lobe collapse.
Findings of lower lobe collapse can be grouped together as they are almost identical on both sides.
For a gen...
Article
Arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse
Arrhythmic or arrhythmogenic mitral valve prolapse is an entity that describes the presence of frequent or complex ventricular arrhythmias and mitral valve prolapse, possibly associated with mitral annular disjunction 1-3.
The following two major phenotypic subtypes are recognized 1:
degenerat...
Article
Chest x-ray review: ABCDE
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E, F is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review:
A: airways (intraluminal mass, narrowing, splayed carina)
B: breathing (lungs, pulmonary vessels,...
Article
Pyopneumothorax
Pyopneumothorax, also known as infected hydropneumothorax or empyemic hydropneumothorax, is a pleural collection of pus and gas. It may be thought of a variant of a thoracic empyema with gas-containing components although the etiology may be different.
Clinical presentation
The patient usually...
Article
Passive atelectasis
Passive atelectasis, also known as relaxation atelectasis, is a form of lung atelectasis due to the loss of the negative pressure state in the pleural space.
Clinical presentation
The clinical presentation would depend on the extent of atelectasis and how quickly it develops. Small and gradual...
Article
Empyema
An empyema is a purulent exudative collection within a body cavity. They occupy a pre-existing anatomical space. This is in contrast to an abscess, which arises within the parenchymal tissue itself.
Terminology
Colloquially, the standalone term 'empyema' most often refers to pleural (thoracic)...
Article
Split pleura sign (empyema)
The split pleura sign is seen with pleural empyemas and is considered the most reliable CT sign helping to distinguish an empyema from a peripheral pulmonary abscess (see empyema vs pulmonary abscess) 1,2.
The sign results from fibrin coating both the parietal and visceral surfaces of the pleu...
Article
Ependymoma
Ependymomas represent a relatively broad group of glial tumors with ependymal differentiation. They often arise from or near the lining of the ventricles of the brain or the central canal of the spinal cord but also occur within the brain parenchyma.
Terminology
The unqualified term "ependymo...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (E)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter E and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q...
Article
Acromial spur
Acromial spurs have been associated with rotator cuff tears and impingement syndrome although a direct causative link is controversial 4.
Terminology
If the spur extends inferior, it can be called a subacromial spur.
Pathology
Acromial spurs usually occur at the lateral part. In that situat...
Article
Tumoral calcinosis
Tumoral calcinosis, also known as Teutschlaender disease, is a rare familial condition characterized by painless, periarticular masses. The term should be strictly used to refer to a disease caused by a hereditary metabolic dysfunction of phosphate regulation associated with massive periarticula...
Article
Pericardial cyst
Pericardial cysts are uncommon benign congenital anomalies of the anterior and middle mediastinum.
Clinical presentation
Patients are usually asymptomatic and these cysts are usually discovered incidentally although occasionally may present with chest pain and dyspnea ref.
Pathology
Pericard...
Article
Vitamin D deficiency (overview)
Vitamin D deficiency (also known as hypovitaminosis D) is common, and untreated, may result in serious sequelae. Traditionally its pathological manifestations have been regarded through the lens of skeletal maturity:
rickets in children
osteomalacia in adults
However it has become increasingl...
Article
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency is an autosomal recessive inherited neurometabolic disorder with a defect in purine metabolism 1-3.
Epidemiology
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency is very rare 1,2 with only about 80 cases reported up to 2014 1.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis relies on genetic a...
Article
Steinstrasse
Steinstrasse [stīn′shtra-se] is the German word for "stone street", describing a possible complication of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for urinary tract calculi, wherein a column of stone fragments forms that blocks the ureter.
Terminology
The term steinstrasse can equally, alb...
Article
Splenic artery
The splenic artery is one of the three branches of the celiac trunk, which supplies the spleen as well as large parts of the stomach and pancreas.
Gross anatomy
Origin and course
The splenic artery is one of the terminal branches of the celiac trunk, passing left from the celiac axis across t...
Article
Mikulicz syndrome
Mikulicz syndrome , also known as immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis, was at one time considered to be a form of Sjögren syndrome (type 1), however, it is now considered to be on the IgG4-related disease spectrum.
Terminology
Mikulicz syndrome may also be referre...
Article
Achilles tendon
The Achilles or calcaneal tendon is the strongest and largest tendon of the human body. It is also one of the most common tendons to become injured due to its high biomechanical load but poor vascularity 2.
Gross anatomy
The Achilles tendon forms by merging fibers of the gastrocnemius and sole...
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