Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture
Naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) fractures, also known as orbitoethmoid or nasoethmoidal complex fractures, involve the central upper midface.
Pathology
Naso-orbitoethmoid fractures are caused by a high-impact force applied anteriorly to the nose and transmitted posteriorly through the ethmoid bone.
...
Article
Gartner duct cyst
Gartner duct cysts develop from embryologic remnants of the Wolffian (mesonephric) duct. They are often noticed incidentally on ultrasound or MRI.
Epidemiology
Associations
Gartner duct cysts most often are isolated findings, but can also be associated with abnormalities of the metanephric ur...
Article
External auditory canal osteoma
External auditory canal osteomas are rare focal pedunculated bony overgrowths of the osseous external auditory canal.
Radiographic features
solitary pedunculated bony overgrowth of the external auditory canal usually at the bony cartilaginous junction
unilateral
large lesions may be associat...
Article
Lung atelectasis
Lung atelectasis (plural: atelectases) refers to the collapse or incomplete expansion of pulmonary parenchyma.
Terminology
Atelectasis may be used synonymously with collapse, but some authors reserve the term “atelectasis” for partial collapse, not inclusive of total atelectasis of the affect...
Article
Uterine prolapse
Uterine prolapse is a form of pelvic organ prolapse and can fall under a broader umbrella term of pelvic floor dysfunction. It may occur in isolation or in combination with other organs (i.e rectal prolapse +/- urinary bladder prolapse).
Epidemiology
Typically occurs in multiparous older femal...
Article
Sesamoiditis
Sesamoiditis (rare plural: sesamoiditides) is an inflammatory condition involving the sesamoid bones, usually a diagnosis of exclusion once other causes for sesamoid pain have been excluded.
The term is almost exclusively used in reference to the hallux sesamoids and this will be the focus of t...
Article
Fractional flow reserve
Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a technique to evaluate the hemodynamic relevance of coronary artery stenoses 1-3.
It is defined as "the ratio of maximal flow achievable in the stenotic coronary artery to the maximal flow achievable in the same coronary artery if it was normal" 1.
Clinical a...
Article
External auditory canal exostoses
External auditory canal exostoses, also known as surfer's ear, are benign bony overgrowths of the bony external auditory canal brought about by exposure to cold wind and water combined.
Epidemiology
The estimated prevalence in cold-water surfers is thought to range between 70-80% 5,6,8.
Clini...
Article
Papillary renal cell carcinoma
Papillary renal cell carcinomas (pRCC) are the second most common histological subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Epidemiology
This subtype may account 13-20% of all renal cell cancer 1. This subtype is also the most common in the renal transplant population 11. There is slightly increased...
Article
Developmental venous anomaly
Developmental venous anomaly (DVA), also known as cerebral venous angioma, is a congenital malformation of veins that drain normal brain. They were thought to be rare before cross-sectional imaging but are now recognized as being the most common cerebral vascular malformation, accounting for ~55...
Article
Liposarcoma
Liposarcomas are malignant tumors of fatty tissue and are the malignant counterpart to a benign lipoma. They are the second most common soft tissue sarcoma, after undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.
Epidemiology
Liposarcomas are typically found in adults, typically between the ages of 40 and...
Article
Calyceal microlithiasis
Calyceal microlithiasis or more specifically renal calyceal microlithiasis is defined as <3 mm hyperechoic foci noted within the renal calyces on grayscale ultrasonography 1. It has been considered a precursor for renal stone formation.
Clinical presentation
The patient may be asymptomatic or...
Article
Greater tubercle fracture of the shoulder
Greater tubercle fractures of the shoulder are a subtype of proximal humeral fractures.
Gross anatomy
The greater tubercle is the most lateral bony part of the shoulder. It is the site where three of the rotator cuffs insert to abduct or laterally rotate the shoulder joint (supraspinatus, infr...
Article
AO/OTA classification of proximal humeral fractures
The Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification together with the Neer classification is one of the most frequently used systems for classifying proximal humeral fractures. Like fractures in other bone segments, proximal humeral fractures are...
Article
Subacromial-subdeltoid bursa
The subacromial-subdeltoid bursa (SASD), also simply known as the subacromial bursa, is a bursa within the shoulder that is simply a potential space in normal individuals.
Gross anatomy
found deep to the deltoid muscle and the coraco-acromial arch
medially in close relation to the acromio-cla...
Article
Glenohumeral ligaments
The three glenohumeral ligaments (GHL) are thickenings of the glenohumeral joint capsule and are important passive stabilizers of the joint.
Gross anatomy
Superior glenohumeral ligament
runs from the superior aspect of the glenoid and coracoid process to the superior part of the lesser tuber...
Article
Rotator cuff tear arthropathy
Rotator cuff tear arthropathy is a spectrum of degenerative disease that develops due to a rotator cuff deficient shoulder. The term encompasses both rotator cuff tendinopathic change as well as associated joint degenerative change.
Epidemiology
Elderly women are affected more than men and it...
Article
Biceps tendon with accessory head
The accessory head of the biceps brachii muscle is a normal anatomical variant and incidentally seen in some individuals with shoulder problems who were referred for shoulder MRI.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of the condition has been reported in 9.1-22.9% of the population especially in the As...
Article
Posterosuperior impingement of the shoulder
Posterosuperior impingement, also known as internal impingement, is a relatively uncommon form of shoulder impingement primarily involving the infraspinatus tendon and the posterosuperior glenoid labrum. It occurs when the shoulder is abducted and externally rotated (ABER position).
Clinical pr...
Article
Humerus (AP view)
The AP view of the humerus is part of the humerus series and is usually taken in a standing position. However, it can also be obtained in a supine position.
The projection demonstrates the humerus in its natural anatomical position allowing for adequate radiographic examination of the entire hu...
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