Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Ischemic stroke
Ischemic stroke is an episode of neurological dysfunction due to focal infarction in the central nervous system attributed to arterial thrombosis, embolization, or critical hypoperfusion. While ischemic stroke is formally defined to include brain, spinal cord, and retinal infarcts 1, in common u...
Article
Selective arterial embolization of renal angiomyolipomas
Selective TAE of renal AML is a minimally invasive treatment with few complications and is an appealing option because it is a more nephron‐sparing alternative to surgery 1.
Advantages
embolization is carried out in an outpatient setting using local anesthesia
non-invasive and more nephron-sp...
Article
Vulnerable plaque
Vulnerable or high-risk plaque (HRP) refers to coronary artery atherosclerotic lesions with features associated with future acute coronary events, independent of luminal stenosis.
Clinical presentation
The relevant clinical sequelae of vulnerable plaque are acute coronary syndromes, which pres...
Article
Cysts of Hattori
Cysts of Hattori, also known as posterior mediastinal paravertebral Müllerian cysts, are mediastinal cysts of Mullerian origin, lined by ciliated non-stratified cuboidal to columnar epithelium, that occur in the posterior mediastinum.
Epidemiology
Of all mediastinal masses, ~20% (range 10–30%)...
Article
Vagal nerve stimulator
Vagal nerve stimulators, or vagus nerve stimulators (VNS), are implantable devices used to treat a number of conditions, although the mechanism of action has not been completely elucidated.
Indications
Vagal nerve stimulators are indicated in patients with 1-3:
drug-refractory epilepsy
e.g. ...
Article
Iodinated contrast media adverse reactions
Iodinated contrast media adverse reactions, popularly but erroneously referred to as contrast allergies (see Terminology below), are an uncommon group of symptoms and signs, with different degrees of severity, that may occur after the administration of these drugs.
Anaphylactic-type reactions ...
Article
Paracicatricial emphysema
Paracicatricial emphysema or irregular emphysema is a morphological subtype of pulmonary emphysema.
Pathology
In this form, emphysematous spaces are seen adjacent to areas of scarring with the latter usually caused by silicosis, granulomatous infection, tuberculosis, pneumonia or pulmonary in...
Article
Hip dislocation
Hip dislocation is a relatively rare entity and may be congenital or acquired.
Epidemiology
Hip dislocations account for ~5% of all dislocations 3.
Pathology
There are numerous patterns of dislocation 1:
posterior hip dislocation (most common ~85%)
anterior hip dislocation (~10%)
inferio...
Article
Chalk stick fracture
Chalk stick, also known as carrot stick fractures, are fractures of the fused spine, classically seen in ankylosing spondylitis.
Terminology
Some authors define the chalk stick fracture as a fracture through a Pagetoid long bone (see Paget disease) 3.
Pathology
They usually occur through the...
Article
Corpectomy
Corpectomy refers to the removal of one or more vertebral bodies and is followed by spinal fusion.
Indication
compressive myelopathy secondary to, for example, retrovertebral hypertrophic osteoarthritis, tumor, infection, severe trauma
Contraindications
multilevel corpectomy in patients wit...
Article
Right atrium
The right atrium (RA) (plural: atria) is one of the four chambers of the human heart and receives deoxygenated blood from the two venae cavae and the coronary sinus. Outflow is the through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle (RV). The sino-atrial node (SA node) lies at the junction of the...
Article
Occipital bone
The occipital bone, also known as C0, is a trapezoid skull bone that contributes to the posteroinferior part of the cranial vault. It is pierced by the foramen magnum, permitting communication from the cranial cavity to the vertebral canal.
Terminology
Occiput is a noun referring to the back o...
Article
Radiation risk factor
The radiation risk factor is the total lifetime risk of radiation-induced fatal cancer for the general population.
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) quantifies the radiation risk factor as 5% (5 in 100) per Sv, or 0.005% (1 in 20,000) per mSv.
These figures are bas...
Article
Kidneys
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that lie at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebral bodies.
Gross anatomy
Location
The kidneys are located to either side of the vertebral column in the perirenal space of the retroperitoneum, within the posterior abdominal wall. The long axis of the...
Article
Obstructive uropathy
An obstructive uropathy is a catch-all term encompassing any cause of complete or partial, congenital or acquired, and permanent or intermittent obstruction of the urinary tract. Depending on the severity of obstruction and extent, it may result in permanent change in both the collecting system ...
Article
Galactocele
Galactoceles, also known as lactoceles, are the most common benign breast lesion typically occurring in young lactating women; however, they mostly develop following the cessation of lactation 1.
Clinical presentation
Patients usually present with a painless breast lump occurring over weeks t...
Article
Meary angle
Meary angle, also known as (lateral) talus-first metatarsal angle, has been used to identify the apex of deformity in patients with pes cavus and pes planus on lateral weight-bearing foot radiographs.
Measurement
It is the angle between a line drawn along the longitudinal axes of the talus (mi...
Article
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis (plural: hydronephroses) is defined as dilatation of the urinary collecting system of the kidney (the calyces, the infundibula, and the pelvis) 1.
Hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns has specific causes that are covered in a separate article.
Terminology
More recent and spec...
Article
Internal pudendal artery
The internal pudendal artery is a branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery and is the primary supply of the perineum. It is a larger vessel in males than in females and is usually the smallest branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery.
Summary
origin: ant...
Article
Double inlet left ventricle
Double inlet left ventricle (DILV) describes a congenital cardiac anomaly in which both atrioventricular valves are associated with a single ventricle which demonstrates left ventricular morphology.
Epidemiology
This uncommon entity constituents 1% of all congenital cardiac anomalies, and is o...
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