Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,689 results found
Article
Boston criteria 2.0 for cerebral amyloid angiopathy
The Boston criteria 2.0 were proposed in 2022 in order to better include leptomeningeal and white matter characteristics into the diagnoses of probable and possible cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) 1. They consist of combined clinical, imaging and pathological parameters, and are based upon the...
Article
Supracondylar humeral fracture
Supracondylar humeral fractures, often simply referred to as supracondylar fractures, are a classic pediatric injury which requires vigilance as imaging findings can be subtle.
Epidemiology
Simple supracondylar fractures are typically seen in younger children, and are uncommon in adults; 90% a...
Article
Primary pigmented nodular adrenal dysplasia
Primary pigmented nodular adrenal dysplasia (PPNAD) is a rare benign adrenal condition characterized by ACTH-independent autonomous hypersecretion of cortisol, leading to Cushing syndrome.
Epidemiology
PPNAD is often familial. Patients typically present as children or young adults, and there ...
Article
Atrial septal defect
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the second most common congenital heart defect after ventricular septal defects (VSDs) and the most commonly missed congenital heart defect. Diagnosis is often delayed until adulthood when complications arise such as atrial arrhythmias or pulmonary hypertension. The...
Article
AAST liver injury scale
The AAST (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma) liver injury scale, most recently revised in 2018, is the most widely used liver injury grading system 3.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral ...
Article
Pleural effusion volume (ultrasound)
Measurement of a pleural effusion volume with point-of-care ultrasonography may be a useful tool for intensivists and is an active area of research in critical care 7.
In controlled settings ultrasound may detect constitutive pleural fluid, can reliably detect effusions >20 mL in clinical setti...
Article
Ortner syndrome
Ortner syndrome, also known as cardiovocal syndrome, is characterized by hoarse voice resulting from left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy secondary to a cardiovascular disorder.
Pathology
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in this condition is due to traction or compression of the nerve betw...
Article
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) are the most common primary malignancy of the nasopharynx. They are of squamous cell origin. Some types are strongly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
Epidemiology
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma accounts for ~70% of all primary malignancies of the nasophar...
Article
Vocal cord paralysis
Vocal cord paralysis/paresis (VCP), also known as vocal fold paralysis/paresis, refers to the impaired mobility of the true vocal cord or fold due to neurologic dysfunction.
Clinical presentation
Unilateral vocal cord paralysis usually presents with dysphonia (hoarseness), characterized as a b...
Article
Behçet disease (thoracic manifestations)
Thoracic manifestations in Behçet disease have a wide spectrum of appearances.
Epidemiology
The reported prevalence of thoracic involvement of Behçet disease is thought to range around 1-8% 2.
Radiographic features
CT
Chest HRCT can demonstrate the entire spectrum of thoracic manifestation...
Article
McGrigor-Campbell lines
McGrigor-Campbell lines are imaginary lines traced across the face on an occipitomental (Waters) view skull radiograph to assess for fractures of the middle third (especially) of the face 3:
first line is traced from one zygomaticofrontal suture to another, across the superior edge of the orbit...
Article
Homocystinuria
Homocystinuria is a rare congenital disorder of metabolism.
Clinical presentation
The disease may affect one or more of the systems below 1,2:
eye: ectopia lentis (typically downwards and inwards)
CNS: seizures, dystonia, developmental delay
skeletal: scoliosis, pectus excavatum, long limb...
Article
Choroidal detachment
Choroidal detachment is a detachment of the choroid from the underlying sclera due to the accumulation of fluid in the suprachoroidal space generally due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP), as observed in some settings:
choroidal effusion
transudative: trauma
exudative: fluid accumulatin...
Article
Parotid lipoma
Parotid lipomas are rare benign non-epithelial salivary gland neoplasms. They show the characteristic imaging features of fat-containing lesions and resemble lipomas that can occur elsewhere in the body.
Epidemiology
Parotid lipomas account for 0.6-4.4% of documented benign parotid tumors 1. M...
Article
Oil cyst (breast)
Oil cysts in breast imaging refer to benign breast lesions where an area of focal fat necrosis becomes walled off by fibrous tissue.
Epidemiology
Occurs across all age and ethnic groups with a female predilection. Usually associated with blunt trauma, if present in males.
Clinical presentati...
Article
Skin calcifications in the breast
Skin calcifications in the breast usually form in dermal sweat glands after low-grade folliculitis and the inspissation of sebaceous material. Calcifications may also form in moles and other skin lesions. Often, these calcifications are in groups as they extend into small glands in the skin.
...
Article
Breast mass
Breast masses are three-dimensional space-occupying lesions in the breasts. This article provides an overview of the standard BI-RADS terminology used to describe breast masses in radiology reports and other reporting suggestions.
Radiographic features
Breast masses are described differently b...
Article
Nipple inversion
Nipple inversion is an important finding on mammography and correlation with patient history is essential. When nipple abnormalities such as inversion are identified, it is important for the technologist to document them in the medical record / mammography worksheet so that the radiologist will ...
Article
Accessory breast tissue
Accessory breast tissue, also known as polymastia, is a relatively common congenital condition in which abnormal accessory breast tissue is seen in addition to the presence of normal breast tissue. This normal variant can present as a mass anywhere along the course of the embryologic mammary str...
Article
Magnification view (mammography)
A magnification view in mammography is performed to evaluate and count microcalcifications and its extension (as well the assessment of the borders and the tissue structures of a suspicious area or a mass) by using a magnification device which brings the breast away from the film plate and close...