Articles

The Boston criteria 2.0 were proposed in 2022 in order to better include leptomeningeal and white matter characteristics into the diagnoses of probable and possible cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) 1. They consist of combined clinical, imaging and pathological parameters, and are based upon the...

Supracondylar humeral fractures, often simply referred to as supracondylar fractures, are a classic pediatric injury which requires vigilance as imaging findings can be subtle. Epidemiology Simple supracondylar fractures are typically seen in younger children, and are uncommon in adults; 90% a...

Primary pigmented nodular adrenal dysplasia (PPNAD) is a rare benign adrenal condition characterized by ACTH-independent autonomous hypersecretion of cortisol, leading to Cushing syndrome.  Epidemiology PPNAD is often familial. Patients typically present as children or young adults, and there ...

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the second most common congenital heart defect after ventricular septal defects (VSDs) and the most commonly missed congenital heart defect. Diagnosis is often delayed until adulthood when complications arise such as atrial arrhythmias or pulmonary hypertension. The...

The AAST (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma) liver injury scale, most recently revised in 2018, is the most widely used liver injury grading system 3. The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral ...

Measurement of a pleural effusion volume with point-of-care ultrasonography may be a useful tool for intensivists and is an active area of research in critical care 7. In controlled settings ultrasound may detect constitutive pleural fluid, can reliably detect effusions >20 mL in clinical setti...

Ortner syndrome, also known as cardiovocal syndrome, is characterized by hoarse voice resulting from left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy secondary to a cardiovascular disorder. Pathology Left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in this condition is due to traction or compression of the nerve betw...

Nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) are the most common primary malignancy of the nasopharynx. They are of squamous cell origin. Some types are strongly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Epidemiology Nasopharyngeal carcinoma accounts for ~70% of all primary malignancies of the nasophar...

Vocal cord paralysis/paresis (VCP), also known as vocal fold paralysis/paresis, refers to the impaired mobility of the true vocal cord or fold due to neurologic dysfunction. Clinical presentation Unilateral vocal cord paralysis usually presents with dysphonia (hoarseness), characterized as a b...

Thoracic manifestations in Behçet disease have a wide spectrum of appearances.  Epidemiology The reported prevalence of thoracic involvement of Behçet disease is thought to range around 1-8% 2. Radiographic features CT Chest HRCT can demonstrate the entire spectrum of thoracic manifestation...

McGrigor-Campbell lines are imaginary lines traced across the face on an occipitomental (Waters) view skull radiograph to assess for fractures of the middle third (especially) of the face 3: first line is traced from one zygomaticofrontal suture to another, across the superior edge of the orbit...

Homocystinuria is a rare congenital disorder of metabolism.  Clinical presentation The disease may affect one or more of the systems below 1,2: eye: ectopia lentis (typically downwards and inwards) CNS: seizures, dystonia, developmental delay skeletal: scoliosis, pectus excavatum, long limb...

Choroidal detachment is a detachment of the choroid from the underlying sclera due to the accumulation of fluid in the suprachoroidal space generally due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP), as observed in some settings: choroidal effusion transudative: trauma exudative: fluid accumulatin...

Parotid lipomas are rare benign non-epithelial salivary gland neoplasms. They show the characteristic imaging features of fat-containing lesions and resemble lipomas that can occur elsewhere in the body. Epidemiology Parotid lipomas account for 0.6-4.4% of documented benign parotid tumors 1. M...

Oil cysts in breast imaging refer to benign breast lesions where an area of focal fat necrosis becomes walled off by fibrous tissue.  Epidemiology Occurs across all age and ethnic groups with a female predilection. Usually associated with blunt trauma, if present in males. Clinical presentati...

Skin calcifications in the breast usually form in dermal sweat glands after low-grade folliculitis and the inspissation of sebaceous material. Calcifications may also form in moles and other skin lesions.  Often, these calcifications are in groups as they extend into small glands in the skin.  ...

Breast masses are three-dimensional space-occupying lesions in the breasts. This article provides an overview of the standard BI-RADS terminology used to describe breast masses in radiology reports and other reporting suggestions. Radiographic features Breast masses are described differently b...

Nipple inversion is an important finding on mammography and correlation with patient history is essential. When nipple abnormalities such as inversion are identified, it is important for the technologist to document them in the medical record / mammography worksheet so that the radiologist will ...

Accessory breast tissue, also known as polymastia, is a relatively common congenital condition in which abnormal accessory breast tissue is seen in addition to the presence of normal breast tissue. This normal variant can present as a mass anywhere along the course of the embryologic mammary str...

A magnification view in mammography is performed to evaluate and count microcalcifications and its extension (as well the assessment of the borders and the tissue structures of a suspicious area or a mass) by using a magnification device which brings the breast away from the film plate and close...