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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Pituitary apoplexy

Pituitary apoplexy is an acute clinical condition caused by either hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic necrosis of the pituitary gland. Although presentation is variable, it typically comprises headache, visual deficits, ophthalmoplegia, and altered mental status. An existing pituitary macroadenoma i...

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen is a rare, non-neoplastic vascular splenic lesion of uncertain etiology. Terminology The term SANT first appeared in the literature in a 2004 article by Martel et al. which examined a series of 25 cases 3. This relatively unco...

Interventional radiology in practice

Interventional radiology procedures within medical imaging span multiple subspecialties and modalities. This is a collection of articles exploring indications, techniques and practice applications of interventional procedures within radiology. In pediatrics, the most common interventional proce...

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Intracranial hypotension, also known as craniospinal hypotension is a clinical entity that results from a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that almost without exception occurs from the spine, either into the epidural space or directly into veins in the setting of CSF-venous fistulas. It usually, b...

Renal artery pseudoaneurysm

Renal artery pseudoaneurysms are uncommon vascular finding, with the majority occuring after a renal intervention. Pathology A renal artery pseudoaneurysm differs from a renal artery true aneurysm (as might occur in fibromuscular dysplasia) in that it does not involve all three layers of the a...

Black hole sign (intracerebral hemorrhage)

The black hole sign refers to the non-contrast CT appearance of acute extravasation of blood into a hematoma, for example, an intracerebral hemorrhage, and therefore is a predictor of hemorrhage expansion 3. It can be thought of as an encapsulated swirl sign. Radiographic features The black ho...

Glioblastoma vs cerebral metastasis

Differentiating a glioblastoma (GBM) from a cerebral metastasis is a frequent challenge, with profound surgical, workup and treatment implications. Unfortunately distinguishing between the two entities is not always straightforward and even experienced neuroradiologists will sometimes struggle. ...

Diffuse glioneuronal tumor with oligodendroglioma like features and nuclear clusters

Diffuse glioneuronal tumor with oligodendroglial features and nuclear clusters is a glioneuronal tumor entity with a characteristic methylation profile 1. Terminology The exact nature of diffuse glioneuronal tumors with oligodendroglial features and nuclear clusters has yet to be well defined....

Pilocytic astrocytoma

Pilocytic astrocytomas, also known as juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas, are circumscribed astrocytic gliomas that typically occur in young patients. The majority of sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas arise from the cerebellum, whereas in the setting of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), they often invo...

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are uncommon WHO grade 4 tumors, which in the vast majority of cases occurs in young children less than two years of age. It most frequently presents as a posterior fossa mass. AT/RT often resembles medulloblastoma by imaging and even H&E microscopy, and...

Acro-osteolysis

Acro-osteolysis (plural: acro-osteolyses), also known as phalangeal osteolysis, refers to resorption of the distal phalanx. The terminal tuft is most commonly affected. It is associated with a heterogeneous group of pathological entities, some of which can be remembered by the mnemonic CHOP FINg...

Renal infarction

Renal infarction results from interruption of the normal blood supply to part of, or to the whole kidney. The main imaging differential diagnosis includes pyelonephritis and renal tumors. Epidemiology The demographics of affected patients will depend on the underlying cause, although as most c...

Owl-eyes sign (spinal cord)

The owl-eyes sign, also known as snake-eyes sign or fried-eggs sign, represents bilaterally symmetric circular to ovoid foci of high T2-weighted signals in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and is seen on axial MR imaging. The sagittal corollary is a "pencil-like" vertical linear high T...

Medulloblastoma, SHH-activated

Medulloblastoma, sonic hedgehog (SHH) activated tumors are malignant tumors of the central nervous system. They are the second most common medulloblastoma group, divided according to TP53 mutation status into TP53-wildtype and TP53-mutant that are distinct entities differing in their molecular, ...

Pneumobilia

Pneumobilia, also known as aerobilia, is the accumulation of gas in the biliary tree. It is important to distinguish pneumobilia from portal venous gas, the other type of branching hepatic gas. There are many causes of pneumobilia and clinical context is often important to distinguish between th...

Asymmetry of the lateral ventricles

The lateral ventricles occasionally show small side to side differences in size on CT or MRI of the brain. This asymmetry of the lateral ventricles (ALV) is an anatomic variant in most cases. Epidemiology The prevalence of asymmetry in lateral ventricle size in those without evidence of underl...

Riseborough and Radin classification of intercondylar fractures of the humerus

The Riseborough and Radin classification of intercondylar fractures of the humerus can be used to classify this injury, which results from direct trauma to the olecranon as it is driven as a wedge between the humeral condyles 1. Classification Four types of fractures can be identified 1: type...

Large bowel obstruction

Large bowel obstruction (LBO) is often impressive on imaging, on account of the ability of the large bowel to massively distend. This condition requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Terminology Bowel obstruction may be complete or incomplete 6: complete or high grade obstruction means tha...

Corpectomy

Corpectomy refers to the removal of one or more vertebral bodies and is followed by spinal fusion. Indication compressive myelopathy secondary to, for example, retrovertebral hypertrophic osteoarthritis, tumor, infection, severe trauma Contraindications multilevel corpectomy in patients wit...

Hydronephrosis

Hydronephrosis (plural: hydronephroses) is defined as dilatation of the urinary collecting system of the kidney (the calyces, the infundibula, and the pelvis) 1. Hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns has specific causes that are covered in a separate article. Terminology More recent and spec...

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