Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a commonly performed spinal fusion procedure for the decompression of the cervical cord due to disc protrusions and posteriorly projecting osteophytes.
It is not to be confused with an ACDA (anterior cervical disc arthroplasty).
Indications
An...
Article
Total knee arthroplasty
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA), total knee replacement (TKR), or tricompartmental knee replacement is an orthopedic procedure whereby the three articular surfaces of the knee (femoral, tibial, and patellar) are replaced by prosthetic components.
TKA is the most common joint arthroplasty performe...
Article
Epididymal appendix
Epididymal appendices, also known as appendix of the epididymis or appendix epididymis, are an testicular appendage found at the head of the epididymis 1. They represent a developmental remnant of the mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct). In 78% of the cases, it has a stalk configuration and is thus...
Article
Testicular appendages
Testicular and epididymal appendages are remnants of embryonic ducts and are quite common, with one or more being present in ~70% of patients 1.
Gross anatomy
Four such appendages have been described:
testicular appendix (hydatid of Morgagni)
it is a Müllerian duct remnant (paramesonephric d...
Article
Salter-Harris classification
The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and is the most widely used (c. 2023) system for describing physeal fractures.
Classification
Conveniently, the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.
type I
slipped
5-7%
fracture plane pass...
Article
Dose area product
The dose area product (DAP) or kerma area product (KAP) is a method of radiation dose monitoring used in radiographic and fluoroscopic studies. It provides one indication of the radiation dose received by a patient and is the measurement used in dose audits (such as comparing diagnostic referenc...
Article
Sickle cell disease (skeletal manifestations)
Skeletal manifestations of sickle cell disease result from three interconnected sequelae of sickle cell disease 5:
vaso-occlusive crises resulting in bone infarcts and subperiosteal hemorrhages
chronic anemia resulting in expansion of the medullary spaces
infection
These, in turn, can predi...
Article
Liver
The liver is the largest abdominal organ. It plays a major role in metabolism and has many functions, including glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. It is one of the very few organs that has the ability to regenerat...
Article
Tibialis posterior dysfunction
Tibialis posterior dysfunction is common, mostly affecting middle-aged and elderly females, and can progress to adult-acquired flatfoot disease.
Pathology
Dysfunction occurs secondary from repetitive overloading resulting in degeneration, which occurs in the typical continuum of tenosynovitis...
Article
Third ventricle
The third ventricle is one of the four CSF-filled cavities that together comprise the ventricular system. It communicates with the paired lateral ventricles and unpaired fourth ventricle.
Gross anatomy
The third ventricle is a median cleft between the two thalami, which make up the superior as...
Article
Major and minor edits
The terms major edit and minor edit are used to describe article edits and are used in a variety of ways on the site.
Minor edits
Minor edits are changes that do not significantly alter the substance or meaning of the content. They are typically superficial in nature and focus on improving rea...
Article
Skull fractures
Skull fractures are common in the setting of both closed traumatic brain injury and penetrating brain injury. Their importance is both as a marker of the severity of trauma and because they are, depending on location, associated with a variety of soft tissue injuries.
This article will focus o...
Article
Skull fractures (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Skull fractures usually occur following significant head injury and may herald underlying neurological pathology.
Reference article
This is a summary article; read more in our article on skull fractures.
Summary
anatomy...
Article
Charcot joint
Charcot joint, also known as a neuropathic joint or Charcot (neuro/osteo)arthropathy, refers to a progressive degenerative/destructive joint disorder in patients with abnormal pain sensation and proprioception.
Epidemiology
In modern Western societies by far the most common cause of Charcot jo...
Article
Septum pellucidum
The septum pellucidum is a thin transparent membrane located in the brain between the body and anterior horns of the lateral ventricles.
Gross anatomy
It extends from the rostrum, genu and anterior portion of the body of the corpus callosum to the fornix. It separates the anterior horns of the...
Article
Tibial plateau fracture
Tibial plateau fractures were originally termed a bumper fracture or fender fracture but only 25% of tibial plateau fractures result from impact with automobile bumpers.
Pathology
The most common mechanism of injury involves axial loading, e.g. fall from a significant height. In younger patien...
Article
Line focus principle
The line focus principle in radiography explains the relationship between the actual focal spot on the anode surface and the effective focal spot size.
Basic concept
The focal spot is the area of the target upon which the electron beam strikes. The energy of the electrons in the electron beam ...
Article
Koos classification
The Koos classification is a grading scale frequently used to describe the growth extent ofr vestibular schwannomas 1.
Classification
grade 1: small intracanalicular tumor
grade 2: small tumor with protrusion into the cerebellopontine cistern (CPA); no contact with the brainstem
grade 3: tum...
Article
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Normal pressure hydrocephalus remains a controversial entity with often ambiguous imaging findings. It is classically characterized by the triad of gait apraxia/ataxia, urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment, although not all patients with the condition have all three 31.
On imaging, it...
Article
Intermetatarsal joint
The intermetatarsal joints are strong interosseous ligaments between the second to fifth metatarsals and serve to maintain the lateral integrity of the forefoot.
Gross anatomy
The intermetatarsal ligaments are present between the second to fifth metatarsal. There is no ligament between the se...
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