Articles

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More than 200 results
Article

Hoffa fat pad ganglion cyst

Hoffa fat pad ganglion cysts are intra-articular ganglion cysts and are the most common mass-like lesions within the Hoffa fat pad. Epidemiology Hoffa fat pad ganglion cysts are rare and less common than cruciate ligament ganglion cysts 1,2. Clinical presentation Ganglia within Hoffa’s fat p...
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Coloboma

Coloboma is a collective term encompassing any focal discontinuity in the structure of the eye and should not be confused with staphylomas which are due to choroidal thinning.  Terminology While coloboma is the collective term for any focal discontinuity in the eye's structure, many people use...
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Sneddon syndrome

Sneddon syndrome is a type of systemic non-inflammatory vasculopathy characterized by livedo reticularis and progressive and occlusive cerebrovascular thrombosis involving the medium-sized arteries. Epidemiology Sneddon syndrome is more common in females, and tends to affect a young adult popu...
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Café au lait spots

Café au lait spots are a type of pigmented skin lesions which are classically described as being light brown in color but may vary in color from light brown to dark brown; this is reflected by the name of the condition, which means “coffee with milk.” Conditions associated with them include: n...
Article

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), as the name would suggest, is featured by a monophasic acute inflammation and demyelination of white matter typically following a recent (1-2 weeks prior) viral infection or vaccination 4,6. Grey matter is also involved, albeit to a lesser extent, as ...
Article

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare multisystem disease with a wide and heterogeneous clinical spectrum and variable extent of involvement.  Terminology Langerhans cell histiocytosis was previously known as histiocytosis X. The newer term is preferred as it is more descriptive of its...
Article

Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, most often presenting as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle (at the superior medullary velum) with associated mass-effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therap...
Article

Spinal epidural abscess

Spinal epidural abscess represents infection of the epidural space, located between the spinal dura mater and the vertebral periosteum. It can present with rapidly deteriorating neurological function due to compression. Imaging is best performed with MRI and emergency surgery is often required. ...
Article

Sprengel deformity

Sprengel deformity, or congenital elevation of the scapula, is a complex deformity of the shoulder and is the most common congenital shoulder abnormality. An initial diagnosis can often be made on radiographs, but CT or MRI is often necessary to evaluate the details of the abnormality. Clinical...
Article

MR tagging

Cardiac MR tagging or myocardial tagging refers to an MRI-based acquisition method designed for the analysis of myocardial deformation. Technique The method exploits tissue magnetization as a tissue property. A local magnetic saturation grid of dark-lined tissue markers known as tags are induc...
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Omovertebral bone

The omovertebral bone (os omovertebrale) is present in ~35% (range 19-47%) of cases of Sprengel deformity. Gross anatomy It runs from the superomedial border of the scapula to the spinous processes, transverse processes or laminae of C4 to C7 1,2. Occasionally it can be bilateral 2. The connec...
Article

Viking helmet appearance

The Viking helmet appearance refers to the morphology of the lateral ventricles in the coronal plane in patients with dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. The cingulate gyrus is everted into narrowed and elongated frontal horns. An alternative name is moose head appearance. Other names include st...
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Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum

Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum may be complete (agenesis) or partial (dysgenesis) and represents an in utero developmental anomaly. It can be divided into: primary agenesis: corpus callosum never forms secondary dysgenesis: corpus callosum forms normally and is subsequently destroyed Epide...
Article

Brain tumors in infancy

Common brain tumors in infancy (i.e. under one year of age) are quite different from those of brain tumors in adulthood. Most are located in the supratentorial region (~65%) and they carry a poor prognosis. Epidemiology The frequency of these tumors varies according to studies, but the most co...
Article

Sarcoidosis (thoracic manifestations)

Pulmonary and mediastinal involvement of sarcoidosis is extremely common, seen in over 90% of patients with sarcoidosis. Radiographic features are variable depending on the stage of the disease.  For a general discussion, please refer to the parent article: sarcoidosis. Epidemiology Pulmonary...
Article

Scheuermann disease

Scheuermann disease, also known as juvenile kyphosis, juvenile discogenic disease 11, or vertebral epiphysitis, is a common condition which results in kyphosis of the thoracic or thoracolumbar spine. The diagnosis is usually made on plain radiograph. Epidemiology occurs in ~5% (range 0.4-8%) o...
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Light chain deposition disease (pulmonary manifestations)

Pulmonary light chain deposition disease is a rare manifestation of systemic light chain deposition disease (LCDD). Pathology Fragments of immunoglobulin light chains secreted by a plasma clone are deposited as amorphous eosinophilic material in the alveolar walls, small airways, and vessels 2...
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Breast cancer (staging)

Breast cancer staging refers to TNM classification of breast carcinomas. The system applies to epithelial malignancies and does not apply to breast sarcomas, phyllodes tumor, or breast lymphomas. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on C...
Article

Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma

Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), also known as diffuse hepatocellular carcinoma, is an infrequent subtype of HCC, which has particular imaging characteristics. Because of these characteristics, it has been called cirrhotomimetic HCC or cirrhosis-like HCC. Epidemiology Infiltrative ...
Article

Low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly

A low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly is a rare congenital anomaly that predisposes to peroneus brevis tendon tears and superior peroneal retinaculum injury with results peroneal tendon subluxation. This condition is defined by the extension of the muscle belly to the level of the fibular gro...

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