Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Marginal cord insertion
Marginal cord insertion, also known as a 'battledore insertion', is a type of abnormal cord insertion.
Terminology
Insertion of the umbilical cord within <2 cm from the placental margin is described as marginal cord insertion (usually defined as <2 cm 5, although some references define it as <...
Article
Multiple system atrophy
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic neurodegenerative disease and synucleinopathy characterized by varying degrees of cerebellar ataxia, autonomic dysfunction, parkinsonism, and corticospinal dysfunction.
Terminology
Historically, MSA was divided into one of three clinical patterns, i...
Article
Scrotum
The scrotum (plural: scrota or scrotums) is a dual-chambered protuberance of skin and muscle that contains the testes, epididymides, and spermatic cord. It consists of two chambers separated by a septum. It is an extension of the perineum and is located between the penis and anus.
Gross anatomy...
Article
Testes
The testes (singular: testis), also known as the testicles, are the male gonads and are contained within the scrotum. The testes are responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone.
Terminology
The term testis (plural testes) is preferred by the Terminologia Anatomica, over testicle. ...
Article
Epididymis
The epididymis (plural: epididymides) is situated adjacent to the testis within the scrotal sac. Its primary function is the collection, maturation and transport of sperm via the ductus deferens.
Gross anatomy
The epididymis is an elongated structure, posterolateral to the testis. It can be su...
Article
Shy-Drager syndrome (historical)
The Shy-Drager syndrome is now recognized as a clinical manifestation of multiple systemic atrophy, no longer considered a separate entity.
Clinical presentation
The most striking clinical finding in Shy-Drager syndrome is arterial orthostatic hypotension. This remains a core clinical feature...
Article
Obsolete imaging techniques
It is almost axiomatic that as time passes, the imaging techniques by which patients are evaluated, eventually become obsolete, due to continued scientific and technological innovations.
Although the reality of new-fangled technology coming along and supplanting established methodology is of c...
Article
Meconium pseudocyst
Meconium pseudocyst forms in response to meconium peritonitis, isolating the meconium from the rest of the peritoneum into one or several cystic lesions.
Pathology
It occurs when the extruded meconium becomes walled off within the peritoneal space.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
App...
Article
Page kidney
Page kidney, or Page phenomenon, refers to systemic hypertension secondary to extrinsic compression of the kidney by a subcapsular collection, e.g. hematoma, seroma, or urinoma.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with hypertension, which may be recognized acutely after an inciting event or...
Article
Thyroid nodule
Thyroid nodules are any discrete lesion that can be delineated on imaging studies from the adjacent thyroid parenchyma. They can represent a range of benign or malignant conditions.
Epidemiology
They are more common in females (4:1 F:M) and have an increasing prevalence with increasing age and...
Article
Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder
Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder is a hyperplastic cholecystosis of the gallbladder wall. It is a relatively common and benign cause of diffuse or focal gallbladder wall thickening, most easily seen on ultrasound and MRI.
Epidemiology
Adenomyomatosis is relatively common, found in ~9% of al...
Article
Perugini grading scale
The Perugini grading scale is a semi-quantitative method of scoring cardiac uptake following injection of 99mTc-DPD, 99mTc-Pyrophosphate or 99mTc-HMDP scintigraphy in the investigation of cardiac amyloidosis (particularly ATTR amyloidosis). The grading scale visually compares tracer uptake in th...
Article
Cardiac amyloidosis
Cardiac amyloidosis (plural: amyloidoses) is a significant source of morbidity among patients with systemic amyloidosis and is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy outside the tropics.
Pathology
Amyloidosis represents the extracellular deposition of insoluble fibrillar proteinac...
Article
Transthyretin amyloidosis
Transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis is a form of systemic amyloidosis characterized by the misfolding, aggregation and deposition of transthyretin-related (TTR) protein in various organs 1-6. This can occur in the following two forms namely in the setting of a genetically normal transthyretin-relat...
Article
Late gadolinium enhancement
Late gadolinium enhancement is a technique used in cardiac MRI for cardiac tissue characterization, in particular, the assessment of myocardial scar formation and regional myocardial fibrosis 1-5.
Terminology
Late gadolinium enhancement is also known under the terms ‘late enhancement’ or ‘dela...
Article
T1 mapping - myocardium
T1 mapping is a magnetic resonance imaging technique used to calculate the T1 time of a certain tissue and display them voxel-vice on a parametric map. It has been used for myocardial tissue characterization 1-6 and has been investigated for other tissues 5.
Terminology
Native T1 is referred t...
Article
Alphabet inspired signs
There are many alphabet-inspired signs in radiology:
A line (US artifact)
C sign (MSK)
D sign (cardiac)
delta sign
delta sign (brain)
double delta sign (MSK)
empty delta sign (brain)
E sign
G sign (gout)
gamma sign (bicornuate uterus)
H-shaped vertebrae
H sign
H sign (sacrum)
H sig...
Article
Arytenoid cartilage
The arytenoid cartilages are paired hyaline cartilages that articulate with the sloping upper border of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage via the synovial cricoarytenoid joint. This joint allows movement of the arytenoid cartilages, which is vital in approximating, tensing and relaxing the voc...
Article
Rectum
The rectum is the last part of the large intestine. It is located within the pelvis and is the continuation of the sigmoid colon after the rectosigmoid junction and continues as the anal canal at the anorectal angle created by puborectalis.
Gross anatomy
At the level of the S3 vertebral body,...
Article
Sigmoid colon
The sigmoid colon is the continuation of the descending colon.
Gross anatomy
After the distal descending colon has curved medially it enters the pelvis, where it gains a mesentery and is then called the sigmoid colon. It measures approximately 15 cm in length.
It has a "S" (Greek letter sigm...
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