Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Biparietal diameter
Biparietal diameter (BPD) is one of the basic biometric parameters used to assess fetal size.
BPD together with head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL) are computed to produce an estimate of fetal weight. In the second trimester this may be extrapolated t...
Article
Gastrinoma
Gastrinomas are the second most common pancreatic endocrine tumor and the most common type in the setting of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I).
Epidemiology
Most gastrinomas are sporadic, although some are seen in the setting of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I). In general...
Article
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is a clinical syndrome that occurs secondary to elevated gastrin levels produced by a gastrinoma.
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is often delayed by 5-7 years after the onset of symptoms 2.
Pathology
Gastrinomas are usually mu...
Article
Hamartoma
A hamartoma (plural: hamartomas or hamartomata) is a benign tumor-like malformation that consists of a collection of architecturally disorganized cells located in an area of the body where the cells are normally found. It is often due to abnormal development. Contrast this to a choristoma which ...
Article
Choristoma
A choristoma (plural: choristomas or less commonly choristomata) is simply a collection of microscopically normal cells or tissues in an abnormal location. Contrast this to a hamartoma which is derived only from local tissues.
Examples include:
adrenal choristoma (myelolipoma)
nasopharyngeal ...
Article
Goldenhar syndrome
Goldenhar syndrome, also known as oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS), Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome or facio-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia, is a complex congenital anomaly characterized by abnormalities of the ears, eyes and vertebrae.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at 1 in 3000-5000...
Article
Bunionette
A bunionette, also known as a tailor's bunion, metatarsus quintus valgus, or digitus quintus varus, is a bony prominence at the lateral 5th metatarsal head. It is the lateral counterpart of the more common bunion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, and when they occur together (often with sp...
Article
Vesicovaginal fistula
Vesicovaginal fistulas are abnormal fistulous connections between the urinary bladder and vagina, resulting in an involuntary discharge of urine through the vagina.
Epidemiology
The overall incidence of vesicovaginal fistula is unknown but was reported to be 2.11 per 100 births in Nigeria 1.
...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (R)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter R and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (C)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter C and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q...
Article
Shy-Drager syndrome (historical)
The Shy-Drager syndrome is now recognized as a clinical manifestation of multiple systemic atrophy, no longer considered a separate entity.
Clinical presentation
The most striking clinical finding in Shy-Drager syndrome is arterial orthostatic hypotension. This remains a core clinical feature...
Article
Obsolete imaging techniques
It is almost axiomatic that as time passes, the imaging techniques by which patients are evaluated, eventually become obsolete, due to continued scientific and technological innovations.
Although the reality of new-fangled technology coming along and supplanting established methodology is of c...
Article
Marginal cord insertion
Marginal cord insertion, also known as a 'battledore insertion', is a type of abnormal cord insertion.
Terminology
Insertion of the umbilical cord within <2 cm from the placental margin is described as marginal cord insertion (usually defined as <2 cm 5, although some references define it as <...
Article
Multiple system atrophy
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic neurodegenerative disease and synucleinopathy characterized by varying degrees of cerebellar ataxia, autonomic dysfunction, parkinsonism, and corticospinal dysfunction.
Terminology
Historically, MSA was divided into one of three clinical patterns, i...
Article
Scrotum
The scrotum (plural: scrota or scrotums) is a dual-chambered protuberance of skin and muscle that contains the testes, epididymides, and spermatic cord. It consists of two chambers separated by a septum. It is an extension of the perineum and is located between the penis and anus.
Gross anatomy...
Article
Testes
The testes (singular: testis), also known as the testicles, are the male gonads and are contained within the scrotum. The testes are responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone.
Terminology
The term testis (plural testes) is preferred by the Terminologia Anatomica, over testicle. ...
Article
Epididymis
The epididymis (plural: epididymides) is situated adjacent to the testis within the scrotal sac. Its primary function is the collection, maturation and transport of sperm via the ductus deferens.
Gross anatomy
The epididymis is an elongated structure, posterolateral to the testis. It can be su...
Article
Meconium pseudocyst
Meconium pseudocyst forms in response to meconium peritonitis, isolating the meconium from the rest of the peritoneum into one or several cystic lesions.
Pathology
It occurs when the extruded meconium becomes walled off within the peritoneal space.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
App...
Article
Page kidney
Page kidney, or Page phenomenon, refers to systemic hypertension secondary to extrinsic compression of the kidney by a subcapsular collection, e.g. hematoma, seroma, or urinoma.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with hypertension, which may be recognized acutely after an inciting event or...
Article
Thyroid nodule
Thyroid nodules are any discrete lesion that can be delineated on imaging studies from the adjacent thyroid parenchyma. They can represent a range of benign or malignant conditions.
Epidemiology
They are more common in females (4:1 F:M) and have an increasing prevalence with increasing age and...
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