Articles

This article lists examples of normal imaging of the genitourinary tract and surrounding structures, divided by modality. Kidneys Plain radiograph KUB: example 1 abdominal x-ray: example 1 Intravenous Urogram (IVU) and Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) IVU: example 1, example 2 Ultrasound rena...

Connective tissue disease-interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) has various manifestations however the most frequent patterns seen on CT are NSIP or UIP. CTD-ILD should be suspected in younger patients especially women and never-smokers and particulary if there is involvement of pleura, airways or...

There is a long list of fat containing thoracic lesions. They may involve the mediastinum, lung, pleura or chest wall. Differential diagnosis includes:  intrapulmonary: fat containing pulmonary lesions pulmonary hamartoma endobronchial lipoma intrapulmonary lipoma lipoid pneumonia myeloli...

Esophageal lipomatosis describes fatty infiltration in the wall of the esophagus. It has been associated with oral and inhaled steroid use, but appears to be an asymptomatic incidental finding. 1 Associations oral and inhaled steroid use Radiographic features CT Esophageal lipomatosis ca...

Carpal instability refers to the inability of the wrist to maintain its structural stability under physiologic movements and loading forces ultimately leading to derangement of the carpal bones with associated malalignment. Epidemiology Associations Clinical conditions associated with carpal ...

Ring artifacts are a CT phenomenon that occurs due to the miscalibration or failure of one or more detector elements in a CT scanner. Less often, it can be caused by insufficient radiation dose or contrast material contamination of the detector cover 2. Features This artifact usually occurs i...

Straight-edge sign is an HRCT finding usually seen in the setting of usual interstitial pneumonia. It represents fibrosis isolated to the lung bases characterized by a clear demarcation in the craniocaudal plane on coronal images without significant extension along the lateral margins of the lun...

The exuberant honeycombing sign is an HRCT finding typically observed in the context of usual interstitial pneumonia. This sign is characterized by the presence of extensive honeycomb-like cyst formation within the lungs, comprising more than 70% of the fibrotic portions of the lungs. In other w...

CNS lymphoma refers to the involvement of the central nervous system with lymphoma. It can be broadly divided into primary and secondary, with a number of special types also recognized.  primary lymphomas of the CNS primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the CNS immunodeficiency-associated ...

Reverse rugger jersey spine describes the low endplate densities at multiple contiguous vertebral levels producing an alternating lucent-sclerotic-lucent appearance. It's the reverse counterpart of the Rugger jersey spine and also mimics the horizontal stripes of a rugby jersey. Pathology This...

Hounsfield units (HU) are a dimensionless unit universally used in computed tomography (CT) scanning to express CT numbers in a standardized and convenient form. Hounsfield units are obtained from a linear transformation of the measured attenuation coefficients 1. This transformation (figure 1) ...

Colonic anastomotic leaks can occur in the early or late postoperative phase when an enteric anastomosis fails. This results in the leak of intraluminal content extraluminally 4.  Terminology If an anastomotic leak occurs within 30 days post-operation, it is termed an "early" anastomotic leak,...

Sandwich vertebral body is a radiologic appearance in which the endplates are densely sclerotic, giving the appearance of a sandwich. This term and pattern are distinctive for benign adult autosomal dominant osteopetrosis. Differential diagnosis rugger jersey spine: sandwich vertebrae appears ...

Normal intracranial calcifications can be defined as all age-related physiologic and neurodegenerative calcifications that are unaccompanied by any evidence of disease and have no demonstrable pathological cause. The most common sites include: pineal gland seen in 2/3 of the adult population ...

Intracranial calcifications are common in certain locations and often are of no clinical concern. The two most commonly encountered types of calcification include:  normal age-related intracranial calcifications intracranial arterial atherosclerosis Concerning calcifications are much less co...

Dural osteomas are a cause of focal intracranial calcification (colloquially known as "brain stones"). They are difficult to differentiate from ossified "burnt out" meningiomas and ossification of the falx. Some reports are actually contradictory 1,4, suggesting that at least some lesions have b...

The anterior upper lobe sign is an HRCT finding usually seen in the setting of usual interstitial pneumonia. It represents fibrosis primarily in the anterior aspect of both upper lobes, sparing the rest of the upper lobes while coexisting with concurrent involvement of the lung bases 1-3. In th...

Angiocentric gliomas are rare, superficial slow-growing WHO grade 1 brain tumors typically presenting in pediatric patients with intractable focal epilepsy 1-6.  Epidemiology Angiocentric gliomas are very rare tumors with relatively few reported cases. They usually affect children and young ad...

Transitional meningiomas are also known as mixed meningiomas because they have components of meningothelial and fibrous subtypes of meningiomas. Their epidemiology, clinical aspects, radiographic characteristics, treatment, prognosis, and differential diagnosis are in the main article (see meni...

Long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs) is a pragmatic grouping of varied primary brain tumors that share a number of features including slow indolent growth rate, localization to the cortex and a predilection for the temporal lobe. These characteristics combine to make them a common cause...