Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

More than 200 results
Article

Ependymoma

Ependymomas represent a relatively broad group of glial tumors with ependymal differentiation. They often arise from or near the lining of the ventricles of the brain or the central canal of the spinal cord but also occur within the brain parenchyma.  Terminology The unqualified term "ependymo...
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Medical abbreviations and acronyms (E)

This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter E and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order). A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q...
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Acromial spur

Acromial spurs have been associated with rotator cuff tears and impingement syndrome although a direct causative link is controversial 4. Terminology If the spur extends inferior, it can be called a subacromial spur. Pathology Acromial spurs usually occur at the lateral part.  In that situat...
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Pyopneumothorax

Pyopneumothorax, also known as infected hydropneumothorax or empyemic hydropneumothorax, is a pleural collection of pus and gas. It may be thought of a variant of a thoracic empyema with gas-containing components although the etiology may be different. Clinical presentation The patient usually...
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Tumoral calcinosis

Tumoral calcinosis, also known as Teutschlaender disease, is a rare familial condition characterized by painless, periarticular masses. The term should be strictly used to refer to a disease caused by a hereditary metabolic dysfunction of phosphate regulation associated with massive periarticula...
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Passive atelectasis

Passive atelectasis, also known as relaxation atelectasis, is a form of lung atelectasis due to the loss of the negative pressure state in the pleural space. Clinical presentation The clinical presentation would depend on the extent of atelectasis and how quickly it develops. Small and gradual...
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Pericardial cyst

Pericardial cysts are uncommon benign congenital anomalies of the anterior and middle mediastinum. Clinical presentation Patients are usually asymptomatic and these cysts are usually discovered incidentally although occasionally may present with chest pain and dyspnea ref. Pathology Pericard...
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Vitamin D deficiency (overview)

Vitamin D deficiency (also known as hypovitaminosis D) is common, and untreated, may result in serious sequelae. Traditionally its pathological manifestations have been regarded through the lens of skeletal maturity: rickets in children osteomalacia in adults However it has become increasingl...
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Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency

Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency is an autosomal recessive inherited neurometabolic disorder with a defect in purine metabolism 1-3. Epidemiology Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency is very rare 1,2 with only about 80 cases reported up to 2014 1. Diagnosis Diagnosis relies on genetic a...
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Steinstrasse

Steinstrasse [stīn′shtra-se] is the German word for "stone street", describing a possible complication of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for urinary tract calculi, wherein a column of stone fragments forms that blocks the ureter. Terminology The term steinstrasse can equally, alb...
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Splenic artery

The splenic artery is one of the three branches of the celiac trunk, which supplies the spleen as well as large parts of the stomach and pancreas. Gross anatomy Origin and course The splenic artery is one of the terminal branches of the celiac trunk, passing left from the celiac axis across t...
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Mikulicz syndrome

Mikulicz syndrome , also known as immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis, was at one time considered to be a form of Sjögren syndrome (type 1), however, it is now considered to be on the IgG4-related disease spectrum.  Terminology Mikulicz syndrome may also be referre...
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Achilles tendon

The Achilles or calcaneal tendon is the strongest and largest tendon of the human body. It is also one of the most common tendons to become injured due to its high biomechanical load but poor vascularity 2. Gross anatomy The Achilles tendon forms by merging fibers of the gastrocnemius and sole...
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Sjögren syndrome

Sjögren syndrome, also known as Sjögren disease, is an autoimmune connective tissue disease of the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva. Epidemiology Sjögren syndrome is the second most common autoimmune disorder after rheumatoid arthritis. There is a recognized female predilection wi...
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Findings (cases)

The findings section of cases is where the description of that particular study is described. This section is located immediately below each study and findings contribute to case completeness. What it should contain The findings section should contain a concise description of the whole study t...
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Subependymoma

Subependymomas are uncommon, benign (WHO grade 1) tumors which are slow-growing and non-invasive. They tend to occur in middle-aged and older individuals and usually identified as an incidental finding.  Terminology These tumors were previously also known as subependymal astrocytomas, not to b...
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Bochdalek hernia

Bochdalek hernia, also known as pleuroperitoneal hernia, is the most common type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and is located posterolaterally. Large hernias are symptomatic in neonates due to impairment of lung development. Small asymptomatic hernias are typically an incidental CT finding ...
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Diaphragmatic mesothelial cyst

Diaphragmatic mesothelial cysts are rare benign congenital lesions involving the diaphragm. They are thought to derive from celomic remnants.  Epidemiology They typically present in the pediatric population. Clinical presentation The cysts are typically asymptomatic and are thus diagnosed in...
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Anterior angulation of the coccyx

Anterior angulation of the coccyx may be a normal variant but poses a diagnostic challenge for those considering coccygeal trauma 1. Classification Six types of coccyx have been described initially by Postacchini and Massobrio and later modified by Nathan et al. 2,3: type I: the coccyx is cur...
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Images

Images, be they part of cases, illustrations, photographs, tables, flow-charts, etc, should all be uploaded via the "Add case" page.  Outsourced images Copyright issues are as always extremely important and under no circumstances should images or text which are copyrighted be included in any p...

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