Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Subchondral insufficiency fracture of the knee (MRI grading)
Subchondral insufficiency fractures of the knee can be graded on MRI.
Usage
This classification system was published by Sayyid et al. in 2019 1 but has yet (c. 2024) to be externally validated.
Classification
The classification system is based on MRI findings 1,2:
low-grade
grade 1: subcho...
Article
Cutaneous angiosarcoma
Cutaneous angiosarcomas are aggressive mesenchymal malignancies arising from endothelial cells of blood vessels within the skin.
They have a predilection for the scalp and face in elderly individuals and are associated with a poor prognosis due to their high metastatic potential 1.
Terminology...
Article
Hill-Sachs defect
Hill-Sachs defects are a posterolateral humeral head depression fracture, resulting from the impaction with the anterior glenoid rim, and indicative of an anterior glenohumeral dislocation. It is often associated with a Bankart lesion of the glenoid.
Terminology
A Hill-Sachs defect is the term...
Article
Dysphagia lusoria
Dysphagia lusoria is an impairment of swallowing due to compression from an aberrant right subclavian artery (arteria lusoria).
Clinical presentation
Most patients with aberrant right subclavian arteries do not have symptoms. Some present with mild dysphagia, while a small minority have a seve...
Article
Slit ventricle syndrome
Slit ventricle syndrome, sometimes known as symptomatic ventricular coaptation, refers to a constellation of symptoms associated with abnormally small ventricles. Although it is most commonly seen in the setting of CSF diversion, it is not synonymous with CSF overdrainage.
Terminology
It is im...
Article
Urinary bladder trauma
Urinary bladder trauma describes a spectrum of damage that can be caused to the urinary bladder, usually in the context of significant trauma.
Epidemiology
Bladder trauma is generally associated with high energy injuries, and is associated with pelvic fractures in the majority of cases 3,6. Th...
Article
Bankart lesion
Bankart lesions are injuries specifically at the anteroinferior aspect of the glenoid labral complex and represent a common complication of anterior shoulder dislocation. They are frequently seen in association with a Hill-Sachs defect.
Terminology
Strictly speaking, a "Bankart lesion" refers...
Article
Cilioretinal artery
The cilioretinal arteries are small arteries that extend along the retina and arise from the posterior ciliary artery system.
They are usually considered to be the most common congenital anomaly of retinal circulation 1,2, although their classification as an anomaly has been questioned 2 due t...
Article
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), particularly affects preterm infants causing significant morbidity and mortality.
Terminology
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLDP) have often been used interchangeably to describe the condition post-treatment of premature i...
Article
RASopathy
RASopathies are a class of developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes that encode for components or regulators of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
Epidemiology
As a group, RASopathies represent one of the most common malformation syndromes, with an in...
Article
Polyneuritis cranialis
Polyneuritis cranialis is often considered a very rare oculopharyngeal subtype of Guillain-Barré syndrome, but the term has also been used for other forms of post-infectious and inflammatory polyneuritis (e.g. diptheria, HIV, Lyme disease, sarcoidosis, post-chemotherapy, etc.) 1,2. The term was ...
Article
MR tagging
Cardiac MR tagging or myocardial tagging refers to an MRI-based acquisition method designed for the analysis of myocardial deformation.
Technique
The method exploits tissue magnetization as a tissue property. A local magnetic saturation grid of dark-lined tissue markers known as tags are induc...
Article
Garcin syndrome
Garcin syndrome, also known as hemibasal syndrome or Guillain-Alajouanine-Garcin syndrome, is characterized by progressive ipsilateral cranial neuropathies of at least seven cranial nerves, with no evidence of raised intracranial pressure, long-tract signs, or cerebellar signs, classically attri...
Article
Sneddon syndrome
Sneddon syndrome is a type of systemic non-inflammatory vasculopathy characterized by livedo reticularis and progressive and occlusive cerebrovascular thrombosis involving the medium-sized arteries.
Epidemiology
Sneddon syndrome is more common in females, and tends to affect a young adult popu...
Article
Alexander disease
Alexander disease, also known as fibrinoid leukodystrophy, is a rare fatal leukodystrophy. Usually clinically evident in the infantile period, neonatal, juvenile, and adult variants are recognized. As with many diseases with a variable age of presentation, the earlier it manifests the more fulmi...
Article
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. They account for ~5% of all sarcomas and are mostly found within the stomach and mid-distal small bowel. They respond remarkably well to chemotherapy.
Terminology
Previously, these tum...
Article
Choroid plexus papilloma
Choroid plexus papillomas are an uncommon, benign (WHO grade 1) neuroepithelial intraventricular tumor, which can occur in both the pediatric (more common) and adult population.
On imaging, these tumors are usually identified in the fourth ventricle in adults and in the lateral ventricles in t...
Article
Anterosuperior mediastinal mass (mnemonic)
The common causes of an anterosuperior mediastinal mass can be remembered by using the mnemonic:
5 Ts
Mnemonic
T: thymus
T: thyroid
T: thoracic aorta
T: terrible lymphoma
T: teratoma and germ cell tumors - see mediastinal germ cell tumors
Testicular cancer metastasis can represent a sixt...
Article
Anterior mediastinal mass
Anterior mediastinal masses can be caused by neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathology. These masses arise in the anterior mediastinum, that portion of the mediastinum anterior to the pericardium and below the level of the clavicles.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of anterior mediastinal masses on...
Article
Mediastinal teratoma
Mediastinal teratomas are germ cell tumors located in the anterior mediastinum, representing the most common extra-gonadal germ cell tumors.
Epidemiology
They account for approximately 15% of anterior mediastinal masses in adults and approximately 25% of anterior mediastinal masses in children...
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