Items tagged “abr certifying ultrasound”
33 results found
Article
Cervical ectopic pregnancy
Cervical ectopic pregnancy is a rare subtype of ectopic pregnancy, in which a gestational sac is seen at the endocervical canal below the closed internal os.
Epidemiology
It accounts for ~0.15-1% of all ectopic pregnancies.
Pathology
Implantation of the fertilized ovum occurs within the cer...
Article
Crown rump length
Crown rump length (CRL) is the length of the embryo or fetus from the top of its head to bottom of torso. It is the most accurate estimation of gestational age in early pregnancy, because there is little biological variability at that time.
Measurement
CRL is measured as the largest dimension ...
Article
Double decidual sac sign
The double decidual sac sign (DDSS) is a useful feature on early pregnancy ultrasound to confirm an early intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) when the yolk sac or embryo is still not visualised. It consists of the decidua parietalis (lining the uterine cavity) and decidua capsularis (lining the gestati...
Article
Early pregnancy
Early pregnancy roughly spans the first ten weeks of the first trimester.
Radiographic features
Antenatal ultrasound
0-4.3 weeks: no ultrasound findings
4.3-5.0 weeks:
possible small gestational sac
possible double decidual sac sign (DDSS)
possible intradecidual sac s...
Article
Ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy refers to the implantation of a fertilised ovum outside of the uterine cavity.
Epidemiology
The overall incidence has increased over the last few decades and is currently thought to affect 1-2% of pregnancies. The risk is as high as 18% for first-trimester pregnancies with bl...
Article
Gestational sac
The gestational sac is the first sign of early pregnancy on ultrasound and can be seen with endovaginal ultrasound at approximately 3-5 weeks gestation when the mean sac diameter (MSD) would approximately measure 2-3 mm in diameter.
A true gestational sac can be distinguished from a pseudogesta...
Article
Interstitial ectopic pregnancy
Interstitial ectopic pregnancy, also known as intramural ectopic pregnancy, is an important type of ectopic pregnancy which occurs in the proximal portion of the fallopian tube that lies within the muscle wall of the uterus. This is type of ectopic is associated with higher risks of rupture and ...
Article
Mean sac diameter
Mean sac diameter (MSD) is a sonographic measurement of the gestational sac, which is usually first seen at around 3 weeks after conception (5 weeks after the last menstrual period), when it measures 2-3 mm.
Measurement
MSD = (length + height + width)/3
Normal MSD (in mm) + 30 = days of pregn...
Article
Nuchal translucency
Nuchal translucency is the normal fluid-filled subcutaneous space identified at the back of the fetal neck during the late first trimester and early second trimester (11 weeks 3 days to 13 weeks 6 days).
It should not be confused with the nuchal fold, which is seen in the second trimester.
P...
Article
Pseudogestational sac
A pseudogestational sac, also known as a pseudosac or intra-cavitary fluid, is the concept that a small amount of intrauterine fluid in the setting of a positive pregnancy test and abdominal pain could be erroneously interpreted as a true gestational sac in ectopic pregnancy.
The sign was origi...
Article
Tubal ectopic pregnancy
Tubal ectopic pregnancy, also known as adnexal ectopic pregnancy, is the most common location of an ectopic pregnancy.
Epidemiology
It is the most common type of ectopic by far, accounting for 93-97% of cases.
Pathology
Although the fallopian tube has many anatomical parts, for the purposes ...
Article
Intrauterine contraceptive device
Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) (also known as intrauterine devices (IUD) and colloquially commonly as the coil) are one of the most frequently used methods of contraception throughout the world. It prevents pregnancy by:
thinning the endometrial lining
preventing sperm motility
pre...
Article
Intradecidual sac sign
Intradecidual sac sign (IDSS) is a useful feature in identifying an early intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) as early as 25 days of gestation1. The threshold level (earliest one can see the sign) is 24 days of gestation and the discriminatory level (one should always see the sac) is 47 days. As per th...
Article
First trimester
The first trimester is defined as the first 13 weeks of pregnancy following the last normal menstrual period (some authors refer to early pregnancy as 0-10 weeks). It can be divided into a number of phases, each of which has typical clinical issues. These phases are:
conceptus phase: 3-5 weeks
...
Article
Yolk sac
Yolk sac is the first anatomical structure identified within the gestational sac. It plays a critical role in embryonal development by providing nutrients, serving as the site of initial haematopoiesis, providing endocrine, metabolic and immunological functions and contributing to the developmen...
Article
Failed early pregnancy
Failed early pregnancy (sometimes termed embryonic demise) refers to the death of the embryo and therefore, miscarriage. The most common cause of embryonic death is a chromosomal abnormality.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
Findings diagnostic of pregnancy failure
crown-rump length (CRL)...
Article
Testicular microlithiasis
Testicular microlithiasis is a relatively uncommon condition that represents the deposition of multiple tiny calcifications throughout both testes.
Diagnosis
The most common criterion for diagnosis on ultrasound is that of at least five microcalcifications in one testis although the European ...
Article
Ovarian torsion
Ovarian torsion occurs when the ovary rotates around its supporting ligaments, twisting and squashing the accompanying blood vessels and lymphatics. The term adnexal torsion is preferred because a portion of the fallopian tube is commonly torted along with the ovary. The term adnexal torsion als...
Article
Tubo-ovarian abscess
Tubo-ovarian abscesses are one of the late complications of pelvic inflammatory disease.
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Risk factors for tubo-ovarian abscesses include 15:
previous pelvic inflammatory disease 16
intrauterine device
multiple sexual partners
diabetes mellitus
imm...
Article
Ovarian ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian ectopic pregnancies are rare when compared to other types of ectopic pregnancy such as tubal ectopic.
Epidemiology
The ovary is the anatomic site of less than 3% of ectopic pregnancies 5.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with abdominopelvic pain during the first trimester (usu...
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