Items tagged “bladder”
45 results found
Article
Gas in the urinary bladder
There are numerous causes of gas in the urinary bladder. In the hospital setting by far the most common is the recent placement of an indwelling urinary catheter. Other causes include 1:
iatrogenic
indwelling urinary catheter is by far the most common cause
cystoscopy, etc.
...
Article
Neurogenic bladder
Neurogenic bladder is a term applied to a dysfunctional urinary bladder that results from any lack of coordination between the central nervous system and the somatic nervous system 1, including injuries to the central or peripheral nerves that control and regulate urination. Injury to the brain,...
Article
Pear-shaped bladder
Pear-shaped (or teardrop-shaped) bladder is one whose normal round or ovoid shape has been extrinsically compressed to resemble a pear. The pear may be inverted or upright, depending on how the excess pelvic tissue compresses the bladder.
Pathology
Etiology
Causes of a pear-shaped bladder inc...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma grading
Transitional cell carcinomas of the urothelium are graded histologically as follows:
transitional cell papilloma
benign tumor, not a carcinoma but sometimes included in classification systems
carcinoma in situ
do not penetrate the basement membrane
cells resemble those of grade II or III t...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (staging)
Staging of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract vary according to the location of the tumor, and are staged using the TNM staging system.
transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis
transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter
transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Article
Ureterocele
Ureteroceles represent abnormal congenital dilatation of the distal-most portion of the ureter. The dilated portion of the ureter may herniate into the bladder secondary to the abnormal structure of vesicoureteric junction (VUJ).
Epidemiology
A ureterocele occurs in about 1 in 5000 to 1 in 120...
Article
Colovesical fistula
Colovesical fistulas are communications between the lumen of the colon and that of the bladder, either directly or via an intervening abscess cavity (foyer intermediaire). When the communication is between the rectum and urinary bladder, the term rectovesical fistula is used.
Epidemiology
The ...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (staging)
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder staging uses the TNM system which has replaced the previously widely used Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system. It is very similar to the staging of TCC of the renal pelvis and staging of TCC of the ureter.
TNM staging (8th edition)
T
Ta: non-...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (urinary tract)
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC), is the most common primary malignancy of the urinary tract and may be found along its entire length, from the renal pelvis to the bladder.
As imaging findings and treatment vary according to where along the urinary...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (urinary bladder)
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder, is the most common primary neoplasm of the urinary bladder, and bladder TCC is the most common tumor of the entire urinary system.
This article concerns itself with transitional cell carcinomas of the...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma (urinary bladder)
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder is rare, nevertheless SCC is the most common type of non-transitional cell carcinoma involving the bladder 2. Most bladder cancers are transitional/urothelial cell carcinomas. SCC is much more common where Schistosomiasis infections are more p...
Article
Adenocarcinoma (urinary bladder)
Adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder is rare and accounts for only ~1% of all bladder cancers (90% are transitional cell carcinomas).
Pathology
Metaplasia of urinary bladder induced by chronic irritation or infection can lead to adenocarcinoma. Pathological types of adenocarcinoma of the urin...
Article
Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder
Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor of the bladder. The most common presenting complaints are urinary voiding symptoms such as obstruction and irritation.
These leiomyomas exhibit imaging characteristics on ultrasound, CT and MRI similar to those of uterine leio...
Article
Bladder calcification (mnemonic)
A simple mnemonic to recall the common causes of bladder calcification is:
SCRITT
Mnemonic
S: schistosomiasis
C: cytotoxic: see radiation and chemotherapy induced cystitis
R: radiation: see radiation and chemotherapy induced cystitis
I: interstitial cystitis
T: tuberculosis
T: transition...
Article
Radiation and chemotherapy induced cystitis
Both radiation and chemotherapy can result in severe hemorrhagic cystitis, the appearances of which vary with time from the therapy. It can be divided into acute and chronic.
Pathology
Acute
In the acute phase of radiation and chemotherapy cystitis, there is hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to...
Article
Epispadias
Epispadias is a rare congenital anomaly almost always associated with bladder exstrophy.
Epidemiology
It occurs in 1 in 30,000 births, with a male: female ratio of 3:1.
Clinical presentation
The roof of the urethra is absent, and the urethra opens anywhere between the base and the glans of ...
Article
Cobra head sign (ureter)
The cobra head sign, also known as the spring onion sign, refers to dilatation of the distal ureter, surrounded by a thin lucent line seen in patients with an adult-type ureterocele. The cobra head appearance indicates an uncomplicated ureterocele.
During an excretory phase of an intravenous ur...
Article
Artificial urethral sphincters
Artificial urethral sphincters, also known as inflatable artificial sphincters and urinary control systems, are devices used for the treatment of urinary stress incontinence (e.g. due to pelvic floor dysfunction in females or prostate surgery in males) and are sometimes used in combination with ...
Article
Urinary bladder hernia
Herniation of the urinary bladder is a relatively uncommon but not a rare condition. It occurs when the urinary bladder or ureter herniates into the inguinal canal, scrotal sac or femoral canal. Herniations through ischiorectal, obturator, or abdominal wall openings have also been described. Bla...
Article
Malakoplakia
Malakoplakia is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the body but most frequently involves the mucosal surface of the urinary bladder, causing one or more soft yellowish plaques.
Epidemiology
Risk factors include chronic disease and immunosuppression, s...
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