Items tagged “breast”
40 results found
Article
Gigantomastia
Gigantomastia (also known as macromastia or mammomegaly) is the term employed when there is massive breast enlargement. It is often associated with pregnancy. It may be rarely unilateral.
Gigantomastia is a very common condition characterized by proliferation of either breast fatty tissue or gl...
Article
Puerperal mastitis
Puerperal mastitis refers to mastitis occurring during pregnancy and lactation.
Epidemiology
It occurs most often during breast feeding and is rarely encountered during pregnancy.
Pathology
The source of infection is the nursing infant's nose and throat; the organisms being Staphylococcus au...
Article
Breast varix
Breast varix is, as the name suggests, varices in the breast that are focally dilated veins in the breast.
Pathology
If varices are seen bilaterally then a cause for central venous obstruction (superior vena cava syndrome) could be the underlying etiology with the varices being a part of the ...
Article
Foramen of Langer
The foramen of Langer is a defect in the deep pectoralis fascia. It is a defect at the level of the third intercostal space, through which the upper lateral portion of the breast extends into the axilla forming the axillary tail of Spence.
Article
Conditions involving the nipple-areolar complex
The nipple areolar complex is a major anatomic landmark of the breast. It may be affected by variation in its embryological development, breast maturation and also by other benign and malignant conditions.
Variant anatomy
amazia
polythelia
nipple retraction or inversion
enlarged nipple
Ben...
Article
Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and the areola
Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and the areola (NHNA) is a rare, idiopathic, and benign dermatological condition.
Epidemiology
Most often seen in females of reproductive age, especially during the 2nd and 3rd decades of life. Less than 70 cases have been reported till now.
Clinical presen...
Article
Step-oblique mammography
Step-oblique mammography is an accurate technique for determining whether a mammographic finding visible on multiple images on only one projection (but not elucidated using standard additional mammographic projections) represents a summation artifact or a true mass and for precisely localizing t...
Article
Caudal cranial projection
Caudal cranial projection is an additional trouble shooting view.
Technique
invert the C arm as for a CC projection
step the patient forward and have her bend excessively forward at the waist to ensure that the abdomen does not encroach in the x ray field
place the image receptor abov...
Article
20° oblique projection
20° oblique projection is a troubleshooting projection used in mammography, especially in young women and in follow-up patients.
Technique
The C-arm is turned approximately 20° for a superomedial-inferolateral oblique. With the patient's feet pointing towards the unit and her torso turned slig...
Article
Inferomedial superolateral oblique projection
Inferomedial superolateral oblique projection is useful for stereotactic biopsy positioning. This projection allows access to the inferior aspect of the breast to achieve shortest skin to abnormality distance. It is also useful in the nonconforming patient.
Technique
Rotate C arm to about 125°...
Article
Nipple adenoma
Nipple adenoma is a rare, benign breast lesion which often mimics a malignancy
Clinical presentation
Patient presents with bloody discharge from an ulcerated and painful nipple in one breast. There is itching associated with this lesion. Symptoms may show variation with the menstrual cycle. T...
Article
Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the nipple
Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the nipple is a relatively rare, benign dermal neoplasm of the areola and nipple.
Clinical presentation
Syringomatous adenomas of the nipple usually present as unilateral 1 to 3 cm firm lesion in the subareolar or nipple region of the breast. Tenderness, i...
Article
Breast cellulitis
Breast cellulitis is an acute pyogenic inflammatory change involving the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. This can be secondary to any wound, surgery or radiation for breast carcinoma.
Clinical presentation
inflammatory changes such as edema, swelling and redness of the involved breast
no def...
Article
Primary breast chondrosarcoma
Primary breast chondrosarcoma is a rare type of sarcoma that originates from the mammary stroma and not from the underlying bone or cartilage of the chest wall.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of primary breast chondrosarcoma is reported to be 0.5-1%, they represent <5% of all sarcomas 1,14.
Clin...
Article
Mammary myofibroblastoma
Mammary myofibroblastoma is a rare, benign, circumscribed mesenchymal breast tumor.
Epidemiology
It is the only breast tumor that occurs more commonly in males than females 2. It also has a tendency to occur more often in elderly males and postmenopausal women.
Pathology
It arises from the ...
Article
Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap
A latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is a form of breast reconstruction that transplants the patient’s own latissimus dorsi muscle, fat, and skin from the middle back to the chest to form a breast mound.
Advantages
This flap is more easily created and contains a robust vascular supply compared...
Article
Non-mass finding (breast ultrasound)
A non-mass finding on breast ultrasound refers to a discrete region of altered breast parenchymal echotexture that does make a mass shape (i.e. non-identifiable in two planes). "Non-mass finding" is not a current BI-RADS descriptor.
Terminology
Non-mass findings are described in numerous ways...
Article
Athelia
Athelia is a rare congenital condition characterized by the absence of the nipple. This may occur unilaterally or bilaterally.
Associations
Poland syndrome
ectodermal dysplasia 2
Article
Edematous breast
Edematous breast refers to the thickening of skin and Cooper's ligaments of the breast with increased parenchymal density on mammography, which causes a coarse reticular pattern. Findings could be unilateral or bilateral, and regarding the presence or absence of inflammation/erythema, differenti...
Article
Leave alone lesions - breast
Breast leave alone lesions are so characteristic on mammography that further diagnostic tests such as a biopsy are unnecessary. All of these lesions are entirely benign and known as BI-RADS 2 findings:
lipoma: fat density; well-defined rounded lesion
oil cyst: fat density; well-defined lesion;...
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