Items tagged “case1”

Female pseudohermaphroditism is a form of disorder of gender development.  Pathology Patients with female pseudohermaphroditism have female internal genitalia and female karyotype (46 XX) with various degrees of external genitalia virilization. Causes  congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): c...

Renal artery dissection may occur as a result of the following processes 1: aortic dissection extending to involve the renal artery iatrogenic (e.g. catheterization) trauma atherosclerosis fibromuscular dysplasia connective tissue diseases (e.g. Marfan syndrome) idiopathic/spontaneous

Anal cancer is relatively uncommon, accounting for <2% of large bowel malignancies. Most cases are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on histology. Epidemiology Anal cancer accounts for <2% of large bowel malignancies and ~3.5% (range 1-6%) of anorectal tumors (~1.5% of all gastrointestinal tract m...

The anterior junction (or junctional) line is a feature of frontal chest radiographs and chest CTs. It is a result of the parietal and visceral pleura meeting anteromedially. It normally contains a small amount of fat in between but can form a stripe of variable thickness if there is a lot of fa...

Bone age assessment is used to radiologically assess the biological and structural maturity of immature patients from their hand and wrist x-ray appearances. It forms an important part of the diagnostic and management pathway in children with growth and endocrine disorders. It is helpful in the ...

The pectoralis minor muscle is a muscle of the pectoral region lying deep to and completely covered by the pectoralis major muscle.  It is an important anatomical landmark in two senses: it arbitrarily divides the axillary artery into 3 parts it arbitrarily divides the axillary lymph nodes in...

The metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle (of Drennan) is an important measurement used to distinguish between tibia vara (Blount disease) and physiological bowleg.  Measurement This angle is measured by drawing a line along the long axis of the tibia, creating a perpendicular to this line, and drawing...

Renal sinus lipomatosis refers to a condition where there is excessive renal sinus fat replacement. Pathology Renal sinus lipomatosis results from renal parenchymal atrophy, inflammation, calculous disease, aging 1, or exogenous or endogenous steroids. There is usually no or rarely little mass...

The pubic symphysis (or symphysis pubis) is a midline secondary amphiarthrodial cartilaginous joint of the bony pelvis, uniting both pubic bodies. Gross anatomy Articulations The pubic symphysis is a secondary cartilaginous joint, which means there is a wedge-shaped fibrocartilaginous interpu...

Juxtapleural lung nodules can be defined by their location within 15 mm of a pleural surface. Intrapulmonary lymph nodes are typically pleura-based or subpleural in location 7 but must be distinguished from small, peripheral lung cancers 8. Terminology  Perifissural lymph nodes have been well-...

The Eustachian valve, also known as the "valve of the inferior vena cava", is a ridge of variable thickness in the inferior right atrium. It is a remnant of a fetal structure that directed incoming oxygenated blood to the foramen ovale and away from the right atrium.   Radiographic features In...

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is a clinical syndrome that occurs secondary to elevated gastrin levels produced by a gastrinoma.  Clinical presentation Diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is often delayed by 5-7 years after the onset of symptoms 2.  Pathology Gastrinomas are usually mu...

Urinary bladder wall thickening is a common finding and its significance depends on whether the bladder is adequately distended. Radiographic features Ultrasound In both adults and children, the wall may be considered thickened on ultrasound if it measures 6: >3 mm when distended (>25% expec...

Buried bumper syndrome is a rare but important complication in patients with a percutaneous gastrostomy (PEG) tube, occurring by migration of the internal bumper along its track. The tube may get lodged anywhere between the gastric wall and the skin and lead to life-threatening complications tha...

Elbow synovial fold syndrome refers to a condition where patients experience a cluster of symptoms due to the presence of synovial folds (also known as synovial fringe or plicae). Epidemiology It tends to be more common in athletic young adults. It is associated with certain sporting activitie...

The suprascapular notch is located on the superior aspect of the scapula, at the scapula's anterolateral aspect. Gross anatomy The suprascapular notch separates the superior border of the scapula from the coracoid process.  Relations and/or boundaries The suprascapular nerve passes through t...

Placental evaluation with MRI is a problem-solving technique that can be used if ultrasound evaluation is insufficient or confusing. Even if the placenta is not the main point of evaluation, it is useful to understand the appearance of the placenta on obstetric imaging for other causes. Techniq...

Adrenal washout can be calculated using the density value of an adrenal mass on non-enhanced, portal venous phase and 15-minute delayed CT scans (density measured in Hounsfield units (HU)). It is primarily used to diagnose adrenal adenoma. absolute washout [(HUportal venous phase) - (HUdelayed...

Fundoplications are forms of antireflux surgery used as a second line of treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease after failure of medical treatment and the first line of treatment of paraesophageal hernia. Technique A gastric fold is wrapped around the distal esophagus which enforces the ...

Ovarian hyperthecosis is a condition where there is a presence of luteinized thecal cells within a hyperplastic ovarian stroma. Clinical presentation Clinical manifestations include hyperandrogenism, obesity, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance. Virilization has been reported to be mo...