Items tagged “case3”

Myoepitheliomas and malignant myoepitheliomas were considered a variant of pleomorphic adenomas until 1991. However, these are also found in the breast and bronchus and have gained recognition as separate entities 1. Epidemiology They account for <1% of salivary gland tumors, and only rarely u...

The normal facial nerve (CN VII) can demonstrate some enhancement post gadolinium, with the prevalence of which segments is highly variable depending on the MRI sequence 4-8. Enhancement may be asymmetric 4-6. It has been attributed to the circumneural facial arteriovenous plexus. Typical sites...

Rhabdomyosarcoma staging is based on the Lawrence/Gehan staging system, which comprises of a combination of pretreatment staging and postoperative clinical grouping. Stage stage I: orbit, eyelid, head and neck (excluding parameningeal), genitourinary (non-bladder, non-prostate), N0 or 1, M0 s...

Spiculated periosteal reaction represents spicules of new bone-forming along vascular channels and the fibrous bands that anchor tendons to bone (Sharpey fibers). Pathology A spiculated periosteal reaction signifies a rapid underlying process that prevents the formation of new bone under the r...

Distinguishing between a chondroblastoma and epiphyseal clear cell chondrosarcoma can be difficult and differences are listed. Epidemiology Both bone tumors have been reported at any age, but chondroblastomas are usually seen in the 2nd and early 3rd decade whereas clear cell chondrosarcomas h...

Iron deficiency anemia is a common cause of anemia and a common precipitant to radiological investigation. Epidemiology Amongst men and postmenopausal women, the incidence in the developed world is around 2%. Among premenopausal women, the incidence is greater and in most cases, investigation ...

Evaluation of known endometriosis with MRI requires a slightly different protocol to a routine pelvic MRI (see pelvic MRI protocol: routine) and should probably be reserved for known cases of endometriosis rather than for the assessment of pelvic pain. IV or IM Buscopan is administered to reduc...

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis can be due to either an immune reaction to primary infection or reactivation of latent infection in cranial nerve or dorsal root ganglia following childhood chickenpox 1. Diagnosis Diagnosis is often made with a combination of serum blood tests, cerebr...

Fetal biophysical profile score (BPS or BPP) refers to the assessment of four discrete biophysical variables by ultrasound. It is a standard tool in antepartum fetal assessment. It is usually assessed after 28 weeks of gestation. Radiographic features Ultrasound The ultrasound variables are: ...

Fetal cardiothoracic (C/T) circumference ratio is a parameter that can be used in the assessment of fetal cardiac and thoracic/chest wall anomalies. It is the ratio of the cardiac circumference to the thoracic circumference and may be easily measured on fetal ultrasound/echocardiography.  Radio...

Adams-Oliver syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by aplasia cutis congenita (missing hair and/or skin) and variable degrees of terminal transverse limb defects. It may be accompanied by orofacial and cardiac malformations 6. Pathology Associations polymicrogyria: may be associated with ...

The positive carpal sign is a useful radiographic sign for the diagnosis of Turner syndrome in association with other musculoskeletal manifestations. Abnormality in the shape of the proximal carpal row in the dorsopalmar radiographs of the wrist and hand (taken in the neutral position is key to ...

The WHO grading system is the most widely used system for grading diffuse astrocytomas (c.2022) and is an adaptation of the now superseded St Anne-Mayo grading system (also known as the Daumas-Duport grading system).  Grade 1 is reserved for localized astrocytomas (see WHO classification of CNS...

Osteoarthritis of the vertebral column, also known as spinal osteoarthritis, is so common that it is widely known as spinal "degenerative change". Complications such as spinal stenosis are important to recognize.  Radiographic features Spinal osteoarthritis presents radiologically like other j...

MRI grading system for abnormal high meniscal signal intensity was reported by Lotysch et al.   Classification Grade 1 to 3 have been described on MRI: grade 1: small focal area of hyperintensity, no extension to the articular surface grade 2: linear areas of hyperintensity, no extension to ...

A missing IUCD is considered when the retrieval strings of certain types of intrauterine contraception devices (IUCD) cannot be seen on physical examination. The possibilities are expulsion of IUCD migration of IUCD detachment of IUCD thread uterine perforation in IUCD embedd...

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma is an uncommon intermediate-grade fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumor.  Terminology When occurring the finger, the term acral myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma is used. Epidemiology It typically affects adults. Clinical presentation The patient may...

Localization of parotid lesions to the superficial and/or deep parotid gland is an essential aspect of imaging and vital information which needs to be conveyed to the surgeon. Measurement The following lines are proposed for differentiating superficial from deep lobe: Conn's arc (CA): drawn w...

Plantar xanthoma is a condition when xanthomatous deposits occur within the plantar fascia.  Clinical presentation Plantar xanthomas are usually asymptomatic, although in some instances may result in vague pain and may also have unfavorable cosmetic effects. Pathology Xanthomas consist of lo...

The postcaval recess is one of the pericardial recesses forming a small space within the pericardium, which arises from the transverse pericardial sinus. It is located posterior to the superior vena cava and superior to the right superior pulmonary vein. It may mimic mediastinal lymphadenopathy ...