Items tagged “cases”

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), also known as hyperandrogenic anovulation, is a chronic anovulation syndrome associated with androgen excess.  The Rotterdam criteria is used to make the diagnosis of PCOS and require any two of the following three criteria for the diagnosis, as well as the e...

The external carotid artery (ECA) is one of the two terminal branches of the common carotid artery that has many branches that supplies the structures of the neck, face and head. The other terminal branch is the internal carotid (ICA), which is somewhat larger than the ECA, which supplies the in...

The occipital artery is a branch of the external carotid artery in the neck. It sweeps an oblique posterosuperior course under the skull base to supply regions of the upper neck, occiput and posterior fossa. Summary origin: posterior from the proximal external carotid artery termination: post...

Varicocele embolization is a minimally invasive method of treating varicoceles by embolizing the testicular vein (internal spermatic veins). Indications symptomatic varicocele infertility/subfertility failed surgical ligation Contraindications Relative contraindications include: ...

The (internal) maxillary artery is the larger of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery.  Origin and course The maxillary artery's origin is behind the neck of the mandible, at first, it is embedded in the substance of the parotid gland. From there it passes anterior between ...

The mental artery is a terminal branch of the inferior alveolar artery which itself is a branch of the first part of the maxillary artery. It emerges onto the face from the mandibular canal with the mental nerve at the mental foramen, and supplies muscles and skin in the chin region. The mental ...

Endotension, also referred to as a type V endoleak, is not a true leak but is defined as continued expansion of the aneurysm sac greater than 5 mm after endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) without radiographic evidence of a leak site / demonstrable type I-IV endoleak Pathology It is a poorly un...

An upper gastrointestinal bleed usually refers to bleeding proximal to the ligament of Treitz. Pathology Aetiolology peptic ulcer gastritis esophagitis duodenitis Mallory-Weiss tear varices tumor vascular abnormality vascular ectasia angiodysplasia Dieulafoy lesion vascular malform...

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding usually occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz, and has a wide differential diagnosis: diverticular disease enterocolitis infective Crohn’s disease ulcerative colitis ischemic colitis vascular malformation vascular ectasia angiodysplasia arteriovenous m...

Alain Bouthillier et al. described a seven segment internal carotid artery classification system in 1996 1. It remains the most widely used system for describing the internal carotid artery segments. A helpful mnemonic for remembering ICA segments is:  C'mon Please Learn Carotid Clinical Organ...

A small for dates fetus can result from a number of factors Fetal factors aneuploidy trisomy triploidy skeletal dysplasia(s) structural anomalies (syndromes) Maternal factors Common hypertension medication(s): fetal Warfarin syndrome hydantoin embryopathy (Dilantin TM) cytotoxic dru...

Rathke pouch, also known as hypophyseal diverticulum, is an ectodermal outpouching of stomodeum (primitive oral cavity lined by ectoderm) which forms at approximately 3-4 weeks gestation and goes on to form the adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland. Gross anatomy The anterior wall of the pouc...

The labyrinth or lateral mass of the ethmoid bone consists of a number of thin-walled cellular cavities, the ethmoidal air cells, arranged in two groups: anterior and posterior, and interposed between two vertical plates of bone; the lateral plate forms part of the orbit, the medial, part of the...

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a potential complication that can occur in a monochorionic (either MCDA or MCMA) twin pregnancy.  Epidemiology This complication can occur in ~10% (range 15-25%) of monochorionic pregnancies, giving an estimated prevalence of ~1:2000 of all pregnanci...

Oligohydramnios refers to a situation where the amniotic fluid volume is less than expected for gestational age. Often these fetuses have <500 mL of amniotic fluid. When there is almost no amniotic fluid present, this is termed anhydramnios. Epidemiology The estimated prevalence can be up to ~...

A helpful mnemonic for remembering some causes of oligohydramnios is: DRIPPC Mnemonic D: demise R: renal abnormalities (decreased urine output) I:  IUGR P: premature rupture of membranes P: post-dates C: chromosomal anomalies

The pericallosal moustache is formed by small branches from the pericallosal arteries and their accompanying veins. These form what appears to be an upturned well groomed moustache (not unlike Salvador Dali) and outline the superior surface of the corpus callosum (pericallosal cistern).

The vagina is a midline fibromuscular tubular organ positioned in the female perineum extending superiorly from the vulva, to the cervix and uterus in the pelvis.  Gross anatomy The vagina is 6-8 cm in length, extending posterosuperior from the vestibule through the urogenital diaphragm to the...

Deviated nasal septums are a common, usually incidental, finding seen on brain and paranasal sinus CT studies. They are commonly seen with external nose deformities.  Clinical presentation Symptomatic patients can present with unilateral nasal obstruction or less commonly epistaxis, obstructiv...

The flat waist sign refers to flattening of the left heart border, specifically the contours of the aortic arch and adjacent pulmonary trunk. It is seen in severe left lower lobe collapse and is caused by leftward displacement and rotation of the heart. It is different to the straight left hear...